任务型教学法在初中英语教学中的应用
姓名:李凤卓申请学位级别:硕士专业:学科教学(英语)
指导教师:冷慧20080601
任务型教学法在初中英语课堂中的应用摘要:任务型教学体现了“以学生为主体、以任务为中心和以活动为方式”的思想,有助于学生的自主学习,有助于提高学生运用语言进行交际的实际能力,有助于增强学生学习的兴趣和信心,是素质教育在英语教学中的具体体现。教育部颁布的国家《英语课程标准》指出基础教育阶段英语课程的任务是:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使学生树立自信心,养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略,发展自主学习的能力和合作精神;使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能,形成一定的综合语言运用能力;强调课程从学生的学习兴趣生活经验和认知水平出发,倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径,发展学生的综合语言运用能力,使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践、提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。本文将从任务型教学在初中英语教学中使用的现状进行理论和实践的探索,研究了国外有关任务型教学的理论,结合我国初中英语教学现状和特点,以及新课标的要求,在新教材下对初中英语任务型教学进行一些有益的探索,以达到研究的目的,同时也为提高初中英语教学质量做一定意义的探索。得出如下结论:在任务型教学中,学生思维活跃,勇于发表自己的见解,课堂参与的积极性高,合作意识强。关键词:任务型教学法;初中英语教学;任务OntheApplicationofTask-basedLanguageTeachinginJuniorHighSchoolEnglishClassesAbstractsTask-basedlanguageteachingcontributestostudentself-learning,toimprovingtheirabilityof吣inglanguageinstudies.tocommunicatewitheachother,andtosn蜘gtheningtheirinterestandconfidenceTheNewEnglishCurriculumStandardissuedbydutyofMinistryofEducationofChinastatesthattheV.nglisheducationistoinspireandfosterthestudents’interestinlearning;tohelpthemclarifytheaimsofEnglishlearning;todeveloptheirabilitiesofself-learningandcooperativelearning;toformtheireffectiveEnglishlearnings廿ategies;andt0developtheirintegratingskillsusingEnglish.ItdemandsclearlythatprimaryofandjuniorschoolEnglishcoursesemphasizeonthedevelopmentofthestudents’integratedlanguageexperience,andcognitivecompetenceaimingatthestudents’interests,lifeofexperiencepractice,participant,teaching,makingtheprocessoflevel,Mvocatesthelearningmethodscooperation,communicationandtheapproachoftask-basedlearninglanguagethepromotingtheonethatdevelopsthestudents’activesensibility,thoughtandexperienceindependently.teachinginaandstudents’eross..eultumconsciousnessandtheabilityofstudyingaThisthesismakesresearchintotheapplicationoftask-basedlanguagejuniorhighsch001.Itintegratestheoriesoftask-basedlanguageteachingwithjuniorhighschoolESLclassroomteachingandtherequestoftheNewEnglishCurriculumStandard.Itisfoundthatthestudents’thinkingandhavestrongisactiveandtheyarebravetoexpresstheirviewsandactivetoparticipateinclasscooperationconsciousnessinlhetask-basedlanguageteachingclasses.Keywords:Task-basedLanguageTeaching,Englishteaching,tasksTableandfiguresTable1Table2QuestionnaireQuestionnaireresultbeforetheexperiment:ControlClass................28resultbeforetheexperiment:ExperimentalClass......…28Table3DescriptivestatisticsandsignificanceofdifferencesofECandCCinpre-test.............................................................................…:19Table4Descriptivestatisticsof‘‘listening’’inthepre-test..........................…29Table5Descriptivestatisticsof“Speaking-intheTable6DescriptiveTable7Descriptivestatisticsof"writinF’intheTable8Descriptivestatisticsandsignificanceofprotest.......…..………......30statisticsof“ReadingComprehensions"intheprotest…….30pretest….....……….............30dimrencesofECandCCinposttcst................................................................................3lTable9Descriptivestatisticsoflisteningcomprehensioninthepost-test...........31Table10Descriptivestatisticsoforaliterninthepost-test............................31Table11Descriptivestatisticsofreadingcomprehensionsinpost-test….……….32Table12Descriptivestatisticsofwritinginpost—test....................................:12学位论文独创性声明本人承诺:所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下所取得的研究成果。论文中除特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,不包含他人和其他机构已经撰写或发表过的研究成果,其他同志的研究成果对本人的启示和所提供的帮助,均已在论文中做了明确的声明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名。_多鹈日矿’,1ry’、期:劢蟠石学位论文版权的使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解辽宁师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,及学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交复印件或磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本文授权辽宁师范大学,可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库并进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。保密的学位论文在解密后使用本授权书。学位论文作者签名:≯签躐慧日期:fl,oAcknowledgements1wouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmysinceregratitudetothefollowingpeoplewhohavehelpedmeincompletingthisthesis.First,Mydeepestgratitudegoesfastandforemost幻mysupcrvisor,LongHui.forheracademicinstructionsandinsightfuladviceandkindencouragementintheprocessoftheorganization,revisionandconsummationofthepresentthesis.Secondly,IamgratefultoalltheprofessorsandteachersoftheM.E.coUl'SeinLiaoningNormalUniversity,whohaveinstructedandFunh盯thankstomyhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.colleaguesChiLei,FangYong,Wang删啪,JinYannl,WangYangyu,tOcarryoutmyLiuHaixia,LinGuihua,KanHongyanandZhaoXiaoyuwhosupportmeexperimentandsurveystudywiththeirunderstandingandencouragements.SpecialthanksaregivenlovetothestudentsofmyEnglishclasswhosetrustinmeandpersistententhusiasm.Finally,1wouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedfamilyfortheirandsupport.enduringChapterOneIntroduction1.1TheBackgroundofthePresentResearchTheNewEnglishCurriculumstatesthatthedutyStandardissuedbyMinistryofEducationofChinaofEnglisheducationistoinspireandfosterthestudents。interestinclarifytheaimsofEnglishlearning;developtheirabilitiesoflearning;helpthemself-learningandcooperativelearning;formtheireffectiveEnglishlearningstrategies;anddeveloptheirintegratingskillsofusingEnglish.Inthejuniorhighschoolperiod,thestudentsshouldmastertheintegratedskillsoflanguageusingforrealcommunication.InordertOmeetthisgoal,task-basedlanguageteaching(TBLT)isputforwardandcarriedoutintheEnglishCurriculumCriterion.AndthetextbookJuniorEnglishforChinahaschangedtoaccordwiththetask-basedlanguagelearning.TheEnglishCurriculumCriterionissuedbyMinistryofEducationinJuly2001pointsoutthatteachersshouldtasksintheiruselanguageclassroomsasmuchaspossibleinsteadofpurelyteachingthelanguageknowledge.Itisbelievedthattask-basedeffectiveapproachestoprovidealanguageteachingisoneofthemosthelpfulinteractiveframeworkformakingstudentsactiveandinterestedinlearningandexploringtheirpotentialuselanguageabilitiesandevokingtheirenergytothelanguagecreatively。WithChina'sentryintotheWTOandthesuccessfulbidfortheOlympicsandtheoneincreaseofthecommunication,Englishhasbecomecountry.EnglishshouldstepintohaveaccessaofthemostusefullanguagesinoureducationhasheldanimportantpositioninJunioraHighschoolsandnewstage.TeachingasmainchannelthroughwhichEnglishlearnersevertothemasteryofEnglishiSpaidmuchattentiontothanbefore.InordertokeepupwiththecommunicativegrowthindemandofEnglish,teachersofEnglishareencouragedtoadoptthemosteffectivewayforteachingEnglishtonon—EnglishnativesintheChinesecontext.Task-basedLanguageTeaching(TBLT)risesfromCommunicativeapproach.AsanewtrendofCommunicativeLanguageTeaching,T觞k-basedLanguageTeachingappearedin1980sanditdevelopedabroadasa900dwayforsecondlanguagethatitarousedaacquisitionwithahistoryofmorethan20years.ItWasinrecentyearsgreatresearchwaveinChina.Task—basedmethod.Itgoal.relatedlanguageteaching(TBLT)isoutanewteachingofparticularorfocusesactionontheconstruction,sequencing,andthatevaluationcomplexeslearnerscarryeitherbythemselvesjointly.(Candlin&Murphy1987;Nunan1989)Task-basedapproachisastudent·centeredapproachwhichCanbeappliedintheJuniorteachingtocultivatestudentsintegratedlanguageskillsandautonomouslearningcompetencebyfulfillingvarioustasksoractivities.Nowthetask·basedlanguageteachingimpliesstudent·centeredteachingideas.ThestudentsApproachcanacquiredthelanguagebybringoutfinishingthecommunicativetasks.Task-basedevelopstudents’anenoughpracticalspaceforstudentsandcreativityandinitiativeabsolutely.1.2SignificanceofthePresentResearchInthepastfewyearsinChina,therehasbeenanincreasinglyurgentdemandofstudentsenoughmajoringtomeetinEnglish,buttheforeignlanguageteachinginChinaisnotefficientthisdemand.OurEnglishlanguageteachingisstillfarfrombeingsatisfactory,andunabletomeettheneedsofthepoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentofthecountry.Foralongtime,ouronEnglishlanguageteachinghassimplyemphasizedlinguistictraining,mainlyfocusinggrammarandwrittentranslation,butlackingrealisticlanguagepractice.SomegraduatesspeakEnglishlikeplayingping·pong,thatis,theylimitedmeanings,andothers,atthebeginningofthefluentlywithcorrectintonationtheywillCanaskandanswerquicklybutwithaskconversation,CanandanswerveryandpronunciationbutwhentheconverSationgoesdeeper'becometongue-tied,owingtOtheirlimitedEnglishcultureknowledge.oneInthetraditionalclassroom,onlyperson,theteacher'implementsclassroomteachingandlearning.It’Stypicalofteacher-centeredphenomenoninwhichteachersdomostofthetalkingandalwayshavethewholeclassundertheirstrictcontrolbylecturing,questioning,correctingstudentsandoftensupplyingcorrectaanswerstotheexercise.Inthisenvironment,thestudentsmustlistentotheteacher.Asresult,thelong—termpracticeoftoteacher--centeredineducationhasactuallylessenedtheopportunitiesforstudentsanalyzeandjudgeandthingsforthemselves.Sincetheirnaturalinstinctsforactivethinkingisrestrained,theymayspendmostofthetimecopyingfromtheblackboard,followingteacher-talkrotememorization.Toomuchofthiswillharmthestudents’initiativesandreducetheirenthusiasminstudy.Finally,theteachers,authoritativeclassroombehaviorwillalwayskeepthelearnersinthestateofignorance,creatingamonglearnerstoafeelingofinferioritywhichmaypossiblypreventthemfromrelatingtrustinglyteachers.InordertofulfillthenewrequirementsforlearningEnglish,theNationalMinistryofEducmiontakesgreatmeasures,carriesoutnationwidecurriculumreform,drawslanguageupnewsyllabus.TheNewJuniorEnglishCurriculumSyllabuspointsoutthat”MiddleEnglishcoursesemphasizeonthedevelopmentofthestudents’integratedcompetenceaimingatthestudents’interests,lifecommunicationexperience,practice,participant,cooperationandandadoptingtheapproachoftask-basedteaching,promotingthestudents’cross—cultureconsciousnessandtheabilityofstudyingindependently.Inaccordancewithlanguagecurriculum,notonlyisthechoiceofteachingmethodadvocated,butalsoteachingmaterialsarecompiledwithinthecontextoflanguageprogramandsocialdevelopment.ThenewtextbooksforJuniorschoolswenowuseneedstheTask-basedLanguageteaching.Itisaneffectivewaytoprovide2ahelpfulinteractiveframeworkformakingstudentsactiveandinterestedinlearningandexploitingtheirpotentiallanguageabilityandevokingtheirenergytoForItthatwenowuseusethelanguagecreatively.Especially,thetextbookGoneedstheapproachofthetask-basedlanguageteaching.toThestudyisproposedapproachandputitintousestudythetheoryofthetask-basedlanguageteachingtointheJuniorHighschoolenhancethequalityofthelanguageteaching.1.3OrganizationofthechaptersTherearefivechaptersinthisthesis:aChapterOneisgeneralintroduction,whichstatesthepresenteducationalsituationofEnglishteachinginChina,thepurposesandsignificanceofthisstudy.ChapterTwoistheTeachingunderlyingTBLTChapterThreefocusliteraturealereview.RelevantstudiesofTask-basedLanguagealsointroduced.toonthepreviousstudyrelativeTask·basedLanguageTeaching.ChapterFourisresearchdesignofthisstudy,theauthorputsthemethodofTBLTintocontentspractice,includingtheaim,thematerial,thecollectionoftheexperiment,presentsdataandanalysis.andfurtherresearchsuggestions.ChapterFivedrawstheconclusion,includingmainfindings,implications,limitationsofthestudy3ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2.1ThebriefintroductionofTask-basedLanguageTeaching2.1.1DeftnitionoftaskResearchabouttaskshasbeenconductedasincethethirtiesofthenineteenthcentury,andtheterm“task”hasbeendefinedinandinotherfieldssuchaspsychology,thereisalsoquiteaarevarietyofways.Ingeneraleducation,manydifferentdefinitionsoftasks.Therelanguagereading,asLongmanvarietyfromwithinthefieldofseconddictionaryillustrates:(Ataskis)isapieceofworkundertakenforoneselforforothers,freelyaorforsomeoutareward.Thus,examplesoftasksincludepaintingform,buyingtakingaafence,dressingachild,fillingapairofshoes,.makingaanairlinereservation,borrowingalibrarybook,adrivingtest,typingaletter,weighingapatient,sortingletters,takinghotelreservation,writingcheck,findingstreetdestinationandhelpingsomeoneacrossaroad.oneInotherwords,by’task。ismeantthehundredandwork,atthingspeopledoeverydaylife,atplay,andinbetween.(Longmanl985:89,citedcaninNunan,2001:24)Fromthisone,wedrawonthefollowingfeaturesmeaning—focusedwork,apieceofworkinvolvinglearnersskills,andaabouttask:itisaandcommunicativepieceoflanguageseriesofinteractionswhichaareneededtomeetthelearners’ends.Inotherwords,ataskispieceofworkwhichisdonebylearnersineverydaylife,involvinginformationandlearnersinprocessingcompleted.usingtargetlanguage,thenafinalproductisThedefinitionswehavelookedatshareonethingincommon:theyallimplythattasksuser’sinvolvecommunicativelanguageratheruseinwhichtheattentionisfocusedoutaonmeaningathanlinguisticstructure.Forexample,Longmentionsfillingaform,makingaairlinereservation,takingdrivingtest,etc.Richardseta1.refertodrawingamap,listeningtoinstructionsandcarryingoutcommand.aNunan'sdefinitionspecificcontext.concernsmeaning·focused,interactionalmethodologyinaWhileinthediscussioninNunan(1989:5),wehavethisthesisfollowsWillis:…byonaadefinitionof“task”adoptedintaskImeananactivitywhichinvolvestheonuseoflanguagebutinwhichthefocusistotheoutcomeoftheactivityratherthanthelanguageusedachievethatoutcome.(Willis1990:127)Candlinpresentsapedagogictaskaccurately:“oneofasetofdifferentiated。selectionfromaproblem—posingactivitiesinvolvinglearnersandteachersinsome4jointrangeofvariedcognitiveandcommunicativeproceduresappliedortoexistingandnewknowledgeinthecollectiveexplorationandpursuanceofforeseenaemergentgoalswithinsocialmilieu”(citedinLongandMostpeoplewouldprobablyCrookes1992:38).agreeoncertainbasiccharacteristicsofantasks:Tasksareactivitiesinwhichstudentsworkpurposefullytowardsoneobjective;theobjectivesetbytheteacher;theormaybethattheyhavesetforthemselvesoronewhichhasbeenobjectivemaybelanguagefocused,e.g.todiscoveraaruleofgrammarreachacompleteanexercise,orcontent—focused,e.g.tocarryoutmaybecarriedoutprojectordecisionthroughdiscussion;tasksoutindividuallyor(moreoften)ingroups;tasksmaybecarriedincompetitionwithothersor(moreoften)incollaboration;theoutcomemaybesomethingconcrete(e.g.asolutiontoareportorpresentation)oroutcomesomethingintangible(e.g.agreementconcrete(e.g.atoaorortheoreproblem).Themaybesomethingagreementreportpresentation)orsomethingintangible(e.g.aLong(1998)took●athesolutionproblem)furtherstep●learner—needs-drivensyllabusworkonandlistedthefollowingandmethodology;aCharacteristicsofTBLT:pedagogicaltasksplusfocusonform;●targettask·basedneedsanalysisdeterminessyllabuscontent;pedagogicaltasks,oftenwithhigh●learnertrainingandintellectualchallenge;●●useofproblem-solvingcooperativelearning,collaborativesmallgroupswork(two-waytasks);analytic,task-basedsyllabusTask—basedandmethodology;constraintsonerrortreatment;LanguageTeachingisgreatlyadvocatedtoinEnglishteachinginJuniorHighSchoolinChinanowadays.InorderfurtherstudytheTask-basedLanguageTeaching.italsoshouldbeclearaboutthedefinitionoftask.basedteachingmethod.2.1.2DefinitionofTask-basedLanguageTeachingTasked-BasedLanguageTeaching(TBLT)startedinthelate1970s1980s.ItWasDavidNunanwhoproposedsuchanandtheearlyapproach.Nunan,aneminentauthoritySOintask-basedlanguageteachingmaintainsthat“settingspecifictasksforstudentstheyactasiftheywereusingthelanguageinreallife—-thisispartofthetask-basedteaching.”oftheauthoritiesthatessenceofSkehan。onereal.worldonTBL,arguesforadefinitionofalanguagetaskinwhich“acommunicationproblemiStobesolvedwhichbearssomerelationshiptoactivities...【and】thatthetaskshouldmirrorreal.1ifesituationsandlearningtocommunicatethroughpurposefulinteractioninthetargetlanguage.decision—makingasfaraspossible.”Thetask—basedapproachtolanguagelearningplacesemphasisonLearnerindependenceandtheirpositiveattitudetowardslanguagelearningarealsoessentialtomakelanguagelearningsuccessful.Thetask-basedLearningapproachaimsatprovidingopportunitiesforlearnerstoexperimentwithandexplorebothspokenandwrittenlanguagethroughtaskswhicharedesignedtoengagelearnersintheauthentic,practicalandfunctionaluseoflanguageformeaningfulpurposes.Theuseoftaskswillalsogtveaclearandpurposefulcontextfortheteachingandlearningofgrammarandotherlanguagefeaturesaswellasskills.Suchlanguagefocuscomponentsinturnenablelearnerstoconstructtheirknowledgeoflanguagestructuresandfunctions.Focusesontheconstruction,sequencing,andevaluationofparticulargoal.relatedactioncomplexesthatlearnerscarryouteitherbythemselvesorjointly.(Candlin&Murphy1987;Nunan1989)Task-basedlanguageteachingapproachhasevolvedinresponsetoabetterunderstandingofthewaylanguagesarelearned.Itsideaistogivelearnerstaskstotransact。ratherthanitemstolearn,andprovideanenvironmentwhichbestpromotesthenaturallanguagelearningprocess.Byengaginginmeaningfulactivities,thelearner'sinterlanguagesystemISstretchedandencouragedtodevelop.Task·basedlanguageteachingrisesfromthecommunicativeapproachandit’Sdeveloped弱agoodwayforsecondlanguageacquisition.ItisintheNewEnglishCurriculumStandard(2001)issuedbytheNationalMinistryEducationinthenationwidecurriculumreformelementaryandsecondaryschools,thatisadvocated.ItpointsoutthattheobjectiveoftheEnglishcourseinelementaryis”tochangethetraditionalteachingfromoveremphasizinggrammarandthetrainingofpracticallanguagecompetence,toTask.BasedTeaching,whichsetsitsstepsonthegroundofstudents,interests,experiencecognitivelevelinordertodevelopstudents’complexlanguagecompetence.toformstrategiesforthepurposeofraisingautonomouslearningabilitybyadvocatingtheofexperiencing,practicing,participatingandcooperating.”Task·basedLanguageTeachingisakindofteachingmethodbytakingconcretetaskthemotivationofstudy,takingtheprocessofcompletingtaskastheprocessofstudy.achievementbydisplayingtaskresult.Underthiskindofteachingenvironment,teachersblendoneormoreteachingtargetstotheconcreteteachingactivity,letthecarryoutateachingtargettoacquiretheabilitiesmoreaggressiveandactive,LanguageTeachingisakindofteachingmodewhichhasinfluencethelanguageteachingactivityinrecentyears.TheoreticalunderpinningsofTask·basedLanguageTeachingTheInputHypothesisOnetheorywhichtasksarebasedonistheInputHypothesis.Krashendistinguishesacquisitionfromlanguagelearning.”Languageacquisitionistheunconsciousofthetargetlanguagesystemthroughitsuseincommunication”.(Richards986:72)LanguageisacquiredwhenthelearnerisexposedtoL2languageheunderstands,butwhichiSalittlemoreadvancedthanhis/hercurrentlevelof6ofTBLTeducationvocabulary,neglectingLanguageandlearningwaysaspresentingthelearnerscreatively.Task—basedin2-22.2.1languageincorporation&Rodgers,1/shecompetenee.ThatiSwhatthecomprehensibleinputmeans.”TheprocessiSdescribedbytheformulai+l”(Krashen,1982:21).Krashen’SideaiS’acquires’asecondanattempttoexplainhow981).Hebelievedthatoneaalearnerlanguage,not”learns”(Krashen,1alearnerImprovesandprogressesalongthelearner’Scurrentnaturalorderwhenreceivinginputthatisstepbeyondstageoflinguisticcompetence(i+1),claimingathatcomprehensibleinputwasnotonlynecessarybutalsosufficientforSuccessfulsecondlanguageacquisitiontotakeplace(Yip,1994:124).Hesuggestedthatdesigningsyllabusshouldobeythisrule,affordingthenaturalcommunicativeinput,i.e.,givingalllearnerssomei+linput.Krashenviewedexplicitgrammarteachingnotsayasmerelylanguageappreciationorlinguistics.Hedidexplicitteachingwasnecessarilybad,butsuggesteditcouldonlyhavebenefitwhencertainconditionsweremet,andevenwhenmetbothteacherandlearnerwereonlydeceivingthemselves.Hisviewshavereceivedconsiderablecriticisminrecentyears.althoughfewpeoplerejecthistheoriesoutright.Skehanlanguagerespectfullysuggests:Krashen’SviewshavebeeninfluentialwithinsecondimpactoneducationandhavehadconsiderabletheTBLTapproach.2.2.2TheInteractionHypothesisonThesecondtheorywhichtasksarebasedInteractionHypothesisclaimedthatiStheInteractionHypothesis.Theacquisitionoftheisfacilitatedtowhenlearnersobtaincomprehensibleinput私aresultopportunitynegotiatemeaningwhencommunicationbreakdownoccurs.WhatiSimportantforacquisitioniStheopportunityasforlearnerstoengageinmeaningnegotiation.MeaningnegotiationofresearchinformedbythecanservesthemeansbywhichIearners‘dataneeds’(Pica,1996)carlbeeffectivelymet.AquestionattraftedtheattentionthathaSiShowInteractionHypothesisareopportunitiesformeaningnegotiationthatCallbeprovided.Clearly,theremanyfactorsbearonthisquestion,includingthoserelatingtothesetting,thelearnerareandthetasksthatlearneraSkedontoperform.ThisresearchhaSsoughttoidentifythetaskadimensionsthatimpactmeaningnegotiationandtherebytodeveloppsycholinguisticbaSisfortheclassificationoftaSksiSthatfollowedbaSesherapproachonbySwaininherrecentwork.ShetherolethatoutputcanplayinL2acquisition,aroleLong(1996)雒incorporatedintohisrevisedoutputservestohelpInteractionHypothesis.Swain(1985:1995)suggeststhatlearnersnoticegapsintheirlinguisticknowledgeandthustriggersbothanalysisaofinputandoftheirownexistingintemalresources.InadditionitprovidescarlmeansbywhichlearnerstesthypothesesabouttheL2andreflectontheirownandtheinterlocutors’useoflanguage.2.2.3LanguageAcquisitionResearchThelearningofanativeaorfirstorlanguageforeigniscalledFIRSTLANGUAGELANGUAGEthelatterACQUISITION,andofsecondlanguage,SECONDACQUISITION.Theterm“acquisition”iSoftenpreferredto“learning'’because7iSsometimeslinkedtoabehaviouristtheoryoflearning.“Practicemakesperfect”doesnotalwaysapplytolearninggrammar.They(students)oftenfailtouseitcorrectlywhenareexpressingthemselvesfreely.Thistemporarymasteryseemstohappenwhentheypayingconsciousattentiontoform,butnotwhentheypayingattentiontoaretryingtocommunicateandmeaning.(Willis1996)Inaccordancewiththelanguageacquisition,tasksarerelevanttostudentsbecause:1).KnowledgeofgrammaticalrulesWasnoguaranteeofbeingabletousethoserulesforcommunication.Learnerswhowereabletoidentifyinstancesofruleviolation,andwhocouldevenstatetherule,frequentlyviolatedtheruleswhenusinglanguageforcommunication.Nunan(1999)2).Grammar+opportunitiesandgrammaticalaccuracytOcommunicateleadtogreaterimprovementsinfluency1thangrammaronly.(Montgomery&Eisenstein985)language3).Learnerparticipationinclassisrelatedsignificantlytoimprovementsinproficiency.(Lim1992)41.Classroomsthatweretobasically“communicative”forexplicitinstruction,weresuperiorandtoimmersionbothtraditionalclassroomsthatfocusedgrammaticalheavilyongrammar,tOcommunicateinprogramsthateschewedexplicitasgrammaticalinstruction.5).Languageisacquiredlearnersactivelyengagedinattemptingthetargetlanguage.Acquisitionwillbemaximizedwhenlearnersengageintasksthat‘‘push”themtOthelimitsoftheircurrentcompetence.Fourconditionsoflanguagelearning●●●age:Exposure(ricll’comprehensibleinput,languageinuse)Use(ofthelanguagetOdothings,exchangemeanings)Motivation(toprocessandusetheexposure:listen&readthelanguage;speakand●writeit)tofocusonInstruction(chancesaform)are2.2.4ConstructivistmodeloftheteachingandlearningtheoryConstructivisttheoryisnewlyteachingtheorythatmanyeducatorsstudying.Constructivismbelievesthatlearningisanactive,meaningfulprocessinwhichlearnersconstructnewideasandconceptsbasedupontheirpastknowledgeandthemutualeffectsbetweenlearnersandtheenvironment.ConstructivistteachingviewlaysemphasisonthelearnersandadvocatesIearners。activediscovery,activeresearchand“mentalconstruction”.(Knuth&Cunni耵Igham,1993:163).Constructivismholdstheviewthatknowledgemustbeconstructedwithinthecognitivestructureofeveryindividual;itisfundamentallypersonal,anddependentonexperiencesinthelearningenvironmentandonsociaIinteractions.ItiSaknowledgeandlearning,havingaradicallydifferentdefinitionofwhatknowingiSandhoworlecomestoknow.Itdislikesbehaviorismforitsavoidancetorefert0meaning,representationandthought,butitalsodiffersfrommany‘‘pure’’cognitivetheoryabout8approachesinthatitalsostressessuchconceptsThetheory“describesknowledgeasasemotions,experience,andinteraction.temporary,developmental,nonobjective。internallyconstructed,andsociallyandculturallymediated.LearningfromthisperspectiveiSviewedasaself-regulatoryprocess52ConstructivisminFLTofstrugglingwiththeconflictbetweenexistingpersonalmodelsoftheworldandnewrepresentationsandmodelsofrealityasadiscrepantnewinsights,constructinghumanmeaning.makingventurewithculturallydevelopedtoolsandsymbols,andfurthernegotiatingsuchmeaningcooperativesocialactivity,discourseanddebate.”(Fosnottothem1996:ixl.●Learnerslearnwhatismeaningfulare●Learnerslearninwaysthatmeaningfultothem●Learnerslearnbetteriftheyfeelincontrolofwhattheyarelearning●Learningiscloselylinkedtohowpeoplefeelaboutthemselves’LearningtakesplacesinSoeialinterpretationasocialcontextthroughinteractionwithotherpeopleperspectivesmaintainthatconstructivistonindividuaIactivelyconstructsthebasisofasformerexperience,psychologicalstructureandbeliefs.Active,socialfactorssuchcultureandlanguageactivityallinfluenceindividuallearningallMoreover,languagelearningisnotisolatedactivity:insteaditisassocialactivity,athepartofcontinuousgenerativeprocessimplementedinthesocial-verbalinteractionofauser.WordsacquireaahighsocialpolishandlusterbytheeffectofreactionsandresponsesonsociaIaudience(Warschauer,lVl,1996).Thus,socialconstructivismthatemphasizessocialinteractioninlanguageacquisitionearnedmoreattentioninEnglishlearning.Itbelievesthatlanguagelearningisanditisaasocialpracticebeyondaapurelyindividualreflection,processofgainingentrytodiscourseofpractitionersviaapprenticeshipassistancefrompeersandteachers.Constructivistlearningtheoryclaimsthatstudents’learningisthemainsignificanceoftheinitiativetobuildknowledge,teacherswillonlyplaytheroleoforganizerandfacilitator;Significanceisintheprocessofstudying,intheprocessoftheworld,intheprocessofself-examinationandreflection.Accordingtoconstructivist,learningrequiresstudentstobuildapersonalinterpretationofexperiencebyselectingandtransforminginformation,constructinghypothesesandmakingdecisions;learningisanactiveconstructionprocessrelatingdifferentIevelsofknowledgeatthesametime.2.2.5CognitivePerspective9Languagelearningprocessisincallneverdepartfromthecognitiverules.Onlywhenthelearningcanaccordwiththecognitiverules,learningtheories,wecallbeeffective.Byillustratingthefollowingcognitiveatakeaninsightlookatthementalprocessesinvolvedainlearninglanguageandunderstandthecognitivestrategiesusedwhencarryingoutlearningtask.2.2.5.1Skehan’sCognitiveApproachInrecentyears,Skehan(1998)hasdevelopedwhathecallsa’cognitiveonaapproach’tosupporthisempiricalinvestigationsoftasks.ThisapproachisbasedwayinwhichlearnersaredistinctionintheanbelievedtorepresentL2knowledge.Learnersconstructbothaexemplar-basedsystemincludesandrule-basedsystem.Theformerislexiealinnatureandbothdiscreteiexicalitemsand,importantly,ready.makecanformulaicchunksoflanguage.Thelinguisticknowledgecontainedinthissystembeeasilyandquicklyaccessedandthusisideallysuitedforoccasionscallingforfluentlanguageperformance.111erule·basedsystemconsistsofabstractrepresentationsoftheunderlyingpatternsofthelanguage.Theyrequiremoreprocessingfluentandthusarebestsuitedformorecontrolled。lessSlanguageperformance.TheyareneededwhenlearnerorhavetocreativelyconstructuRerancestoexpressmeaningpreciselyinsocial—linguisticallyappropriateways.Thedistinctionbetweenthesetwotypesoflinguisticknowledgeisnowbroadlyacknowledgedincognitivepsychology.Whereasthetask·basedresearchoriginatingfromtheInteractionHypothesishasfocusedproduction.2.2.5.2Skehan’scognitiveaccount-fluency,accuracyandcomplexityonmeaningnegotiation,Skehan。SresearchhasexaminedlearnerSkehan(1998)distinguishesinrealtime;Accuracymeansthethreeaspectsofproduction:Fluencymeansthecapacityofthelearnertomobilizehis/hersystemtocommunicateabilityofthelearnertoperforminaccordancewithtargetlanguagenorms;thatComplexityreferstotheutilizationofinterlanguagestructures.Skehansuggestslanguageusersvaryintheextenttowhichtheyemphasizeonfluency,accuracyothersonorcomplexity,withyetothersonsometaskspredisposingthemtofocusfluency,accuracyandcomplexity.Thesedifferentaspectsofproductiondrawondifferentsystemsofmemory-basedsystem,accessinglanguage.Fluencyrequireslearnerstodrawontheiranddeployingready—madechunksoflanguage,and,whentoproblemsarise,usingcommunicatingstrategiesgetby.Incontrast,accuracyand,inonparticular,complexityareachievedbylearnersdrawingtheirrule-basedsystemandthusrequiresyntacticprocessing.Skehanarguesthatitmaybepossibletoinfluencedifferentaspectsoflanguageacquisition(i.e.fluency,accuracyandcomplexity)byprovidingopportunitiesforlearnerstoengageindifferenttypesofproduction.10TheresearchbasedwhattaskvariablesonSkehan’S。cognitiveaccount’hasbeendirectedatdiscoveringlearnerscanpredisposetoemphasizefluency,task.basedresearcll’acknowledgesthatthevarioustaskpotentiallyinteractincomplexWaytOinfluencealearnercapacityproduction.Skehan’SSOresearchassumesthatIearnerspossesstooccurIimitedprocessingthatfluency.accuracyandcomplexityarelikelyaninnon-Iinear.Taskordifficultyplaysimportantroleintheprocessingoffluency,accuracycomplexity.2.2.6Humanism“Human—centered’’teachingphilosophy.Accordingtostudentsprincipleisadirectreflectionofpsychologyandhumanism,studentsandmakefinalarethecenterofteachingintheclassroom,andteachersharetheresponsibilitytolearn,todevelopcurriculum,tOdeterminethewaysofmanagement,findcreateandecision.Teachersprovidelearningmaterials,atmosphereorsituationthatpromotelearning.Teachersworktoaformagoodclassroomenvironmentandputstudentsinstimulatingthemtolearnactivelywouldletstudentscontrolcaring,understandingandreliablesituation,andconscientiousIy;Teachersinhumanisticapproachandmanageon.themselvesinsteadofbeingdisciplined.ThisiswhatTask·basedTeachingMethodbases2.2.7Zoneofproximaldevelopment2.2.7.1Vygotsky’SZoneofProximalDevelopmentn怆”zoneofproximaldevelopment”definedbyVygotskyis弱follows:ItiSthedistancebetweentheactualdevelopmentallevelasdeterminedbyindependentproblemsolvingandthelevelofpotentialdevelopment弱determinedthroughproblemsolvingunderadultguidanceorincollaborationwithmorecapablepeers(vygotsky,1978:86).Thistheorystressesthefactthatinteractionamongchildrenaroundappropriatetasksincreasestheirdevelopment,theirmasteryofcriticalconcepts.Accordingtohim,thinkingandproblemsolvingcannotcanbeperformedindependentlybythechild.Inanothercategorytheybeextremes,theyCanbeperformedevenwithhelp.Inthethirdcategory,betweenthesetwoperformedbythechildwiththehelpfromothers.Thosewhichcanzonebeperformedbythechildwiththehelpofothersarecalledtasksandtheyareintheproximaldevelopment.Vygotsky’Slawinstructiononofmakesclaimsaboutinstructionandlearning.TheZPDplacesthepartoftheteacherasassistingandguidinglearnerdevelopmentandintellectualpossibilitiesincollaborativeactivities.ThusforVygotsky“theonly‘goodlearning’isthatwhichisinadvanceofdevelopment”(Vygotsky,1978:89).TheconstructofoccurtheZDPspecifiesthatdevelopmentcannottaskistooiftoomuchassistanceiSprovidedofifathatmediationneedstobecontingent.easy.AljaafrehandLantolf(1994)claimtoThismeansteachersneedbalancethegivingandwithholdingofguidanceandassistance,on—line,inaccordancewithstudents’progressionthroughprolepsis.Accordingreachallatask.ThisgivesrisetothetermtoArnold(1999)prolepsisleadsparticipantsintheinteractiontounderstandingofeachother'sviewofproblemsolvingandsolution.2.2.7.2Feuerstein’SCognitiveFeuerstein’ScognitivesevenareMapamap(Williams&Burden,2000:175)iswhichanymentalactmodelthatrepresentssevensignificantfactorsinvolvedintheperformanceofthementalact.Thefactorstheuniverseofcontentaroundiscentered,themodalityoflanguageinwhichthementallevelofactisexpressed,levelofcomplexity,levelofabstraction,actefficiencywithwhichthementalisperformed,thecognitiveoperationsrequiredbythementalactandthefinaloneknownasthephaseofthecognitivefunctionsrequiredbythementalact.Thephaseofthecognitivehasthreestages.Thefirstisinputstagewhichsystematicallyexploresalearningsituationratherthanimpulsively.Thesecondiselaborationstage.Atthisstagelearnersneedtobeabletodefinethenatureofanyproblemwithwhichtheyarefacingselectanddrawuponinformationstoredinthebrainandattheiratandanalyzeatherelevantirifermationonedisposalandthenconstructcallalogicalplanofaction.Thethirdisoutputstagewhichlearnersexpresstheirthoughtandfeelingsincontrolledandplannedway,meanwhileputdevelopanawarenessofotherapeople’Sreactionsinordertocommunicateouteffectively.Thus,finishingandtaskconsigsofthreestages,input,elaborationandeachstageshouldbeconsideredcarefullybytheteacherinthelanguageteaching.12.OntheApplicationofTask-basedLanguageTeaching_in_JuniorHighSchoolEnglishClasses.........ChapterThreePreviousviewsaboutTask—basedLanguageTeaching3.1PrinciplesofTask—basedLanguageTeachingPrinciplesofTask—baseLanguageTeachingcanbesummarizedasbelowafterNunan(1999)andBuner(1983):1.Theauthenticityprinciple:Thelinguisticdatathatlearnersworkwithareauthentic.Therelationshipbetweenlinguisticformandcommunicativefunctionarecleartothelearner.2.Theform-functionTeachingprinciple:languageinwaysthatmakeformandfunctionrelationshipstransparent.3.Thetaskdependencyprinciple:aAseriesoftasksinlessonorunitofworkformsakindofpedagogicalladder,eachtaskrepresentingarungontheladder,enablingthelearnertoreachhigherandhigherlevelsofcommunicativeperformance.4.Learningbydoing:Learningbydoingmotivatesstudentstofulfilltheirpotential.Learnersmasterthelanguagebyusingitcommunicativelyintheclassroom,althoughtheystillhavetolearngrammarandmemorizevocabulary.5.Scaffolding:Scaffoldingisaprocessof“settingupthesituationtomakethechild’Sentryeasyasandsuccessfulandthengraduallypullingbackandhandingtheroletothechildskilledenoughtohebecomesmanageit.(Nunan,1999Buner,1983)inthe3.2TheFrameworkofPresentingTasksintheEnglishClassroomThemostextensivelywork·-outframeworkfortask··orientatedapproachesforeignlanguageclassroomisthatofWillis(1996).Willis(1996),inaherbook‘AFrameworktask-cycleforTask—BasedLearning’。outlinesonmodelfororganizinglessons.Task·basedtoaslearning(TBL)istypicallybasedthreestages。Willisrefersthepre·task,theandpost-task(1anguagefocus)elements.andthelearnersengageinactivitiesthateitherhelpthemtorecallwordsandorThefirstoftheseisthepre-taskstage,duringwhichtheteacherintroducesanddefinesthetopicphrasesthatwillbeusefulduringtheperformanceofthemaintasktolearnnewwordsandphrasesthatareessentialtothetask.Thepre-taskphasehastwobasicfunctions:1.tointroduceandcreateinterestindoingataskonthechosentopic.2.toactivatetopic—relatedwords,phrasesandtargetsentencesthatwillbeusefulincarryingoutthetaskandintherealworld.3.tohelpstudentscommunicateassmoothlyaspossibleduringthetaskcycle.ThisfirststageisfollowedbywhatthereareWilliscallsthe”taskcycle”.Withinthisstagethethreesub-stagesthetask,inplanning(1)doing(2)engaging(3)reportingpost—task,andtask(typicallyoraHerethelearnersperformthereadingorlisteningexerciseaoraproblem-solvingexercise)inpairssmallgroups.Teachermonitorsfromadistance,encouragingallattemptsatcommunication.Theythenprepareorallyonreportforthewholeclasshowtheydidthetaskandwhatconclusionstheyreached.Sincethereportstageistobeaccurate,SOtheteacherstandsbytogivelanguagetothepublic,studentswillnaturallywantadvice.Finally,theypresenttheirfindingscompareresults.Theteacheractsreports.asaclassinspokenorwrittenform,andchairpersonandthencommentsonthecontentoftheThefinalstageisthelanguagefocusstage,duringwhichspecificlanguagefeaturesfromthetaskandhighlightedandworkedon.Feedbackreportingstagemayalsobeappropriateatthispoint.onthelearners’performanceaattheSometimesaftercompletingthissequence,studentsmaybenefitfromdoingtaskwithasimilardifferentpartner.Thethreephasesoftheframeworkhavedifferentfunctions:1.introducenew2.increasethe3.mobilizelanguagechancesthatthestudents’languagesystemwillchangelanguage4.recyclelanguage5.easethelanguage·processingload6.pushlearnerstointerprettasksinmoredemandingwaysDuring-taskactivitiesareconcernedwith:1.thelanguage-learningtask2.planning(decision·making,agreeing,suggesting)3.reporting(concluding,makinginferences)Post-taskactivitiesgivelanguageinputandfocusedtasksinordertohelplearnersto:1.identifyandconsolidatethelanguageor2.classify(structurallysemantically)3.synthesize,checkthelanguage4.engageincross-languageexploration5.searchforpatterns6.callorreconstructtextsIntermsoftheteachingpractice,itsmodelhasdefinitelyobjective.Firstitislikelytomakethemoreinterestingandmoreauthentic.Thisreflectsthewayinwhichtaskshaveto14beaboutsomething,toprovideareasonforrealcommunication.Willsisadvocateofatask-drivenapproachtoinstruction.Itleadslearnerstodeveloplanguageeffectively.Heproposesthatatask-basedapproach,inwhichrealworldneedsbecomethemotivationforcefortaskdesign,willgenerateinteractionswhichleadtoengageacquisitiveprocessesandinter-languagedevelopment.Soitsmodelshouldbeeffectivemodel.3.3TaskcomponentsAsthetermofthecomponentsofatask,manyresearchershaveattempttoidentify.Forexample,ShavelsonandStem(1981)suggestthatthetaskshouldcontaincontent,materials,thattheactivities,goals,studentsandsocialcommunity.WhileCandlin(1987)suggestsfollowingelementsshouldbetakenintoconsideration:input,roles,settings,actions,monitoring,outcomesandfeedback.However,inanalyticthatthetaskwillterms,Nunan(1989)suggestscontain(implicitlyorexplicitly)sixcomponents:goals,input,activities,teacherrole,learnerrole,andsetting.1)Agoal:Goals(GoalsofTBLexpressbroadlywhattheresultsoftoacertainexperiencewillbe.competenceincludingaredevelopstudents’communicativesociolinguisticcompetence,discoursecompetenceandstrategiccompetence.)2)Input:Taskscontainsomeformofinputdatawhichmightbeaverbal(forexampleconcernsaadialoguepassage)ornon-verbal(forexampleverbalorpicturetosequence)Inputdata,task.non-verbal,whichtheindividualhasdealwithwhenperformingApparentlythesematerialsareresultinaobjectiveandcanbeusedineverydaylife.AndthissenseCanshort-termachievement,leavingthelearnerstheofsuccess,whichwillsurelyenhancethelearners’interestsandmotivation.to3)Activity:Activityreferstheperformanceinput.ofataskitselfonthebasisofgoalsandinputs,notexercises.AnactivityiSinsomewayderivedfromtheinputthelearnersareandsetsoutwhattodoinrelationtothe4)Rolesforteachersandlearners:LearnersareConversationalpartnerwhileteachersarefacilitators,organizers,monitorsandsometimespartnerstospecifywhatisregardedassuccessfulcompletionofthetask.5)Setting:classroomorganizingfrom,e.g.pairwork,groupworkandAsthediagramshowsbelow:SOon.goalsinputP一.,一一teacherearnerroleroleactivitysettingsAframeworkforanalyzingcommunicativetasks(Numan,1989)15AIltheseelementsareimportantatdifferentstagesandtheyareinvolvedintasksanotherinaworkintricatelyandaffectaonedynamicandinteractiveway.Ataskmayhavewithinasoundpsycholinguisticunderpinning,thatis,itmayfitneatlyandbedesignedtogeneratetask-basedapproachmeaningfulinteractionbetweentheparticipants(WilliamsaandBurden2000:170).Inanalyticterm,tasksorwillcontainsomefromofinputdatawhichmightbeorverbal(forsequence)exampleanddialoguereadingpassageOnon—verbal9forexampleapictureanactivityandwhichisinsomewayderivedfortheinputandwhichsetsoutwhattheorlearnersareatodoinrelationtotheinput.Thetaskswillalsohave(implicitlylearners.Insyntheticexplicitly)goalrolesforteachersandterms,weshallfind,lessonsandandunitsofworkwillsuchlessonsorconsist,amongotherthings,ofsequencesoftasks,andthecoherenceofonunitswilldependtheextenttowhichthetaskshavebeenintegratedsequencedinsomeprincipledway.Inconclusion,‘'task’’isanyactivitythatlearnersengageintofurthertheprocessoftasksarelearningalanguage(Williams&Burden.2000:168)andanalyzedaccordingtotheirgoals;input;activities;roleofteachersroleoflearnersandsettings.3.4TypesoftaskA.Realworldtaskortargettask:Acommunicativeactisachievedthroughlanguageaintheworldoutsidetheclassroom.e.g.Calltheairlineandreconfirmreservationyouhave.Checkotherdetails,suchastimeofdeparture,andtimeyouhavetobeattheairport.B.Pedagogicaltasks:Apieceofclassroomorworkwhichinvolveslearnerswhileincomprehending,manipulating,producingattentionisprincipallyfocusedoninteractinginthelanguagetheiroutcome,andcanmeaningratherthanforms.Theyhaveanon-linguisticbedividedintorehearsaltasksoractivationtasks.Pedagogicaltasksorpreparelearnersforrealworldandactivationtasks.targettasksandcanbefurtherdividedintorehearsaltasksC.Rehearsaltask:AcommunicativeactpracticedintheclassroombeforeitiSperformedintheworldbeyondtheclassroom,e.g.writeyourresumeandexchangeitwithanotherstudent.Studythepositionsavailableadvertisementsinthenewspaperandfindajobthatwouldbesuitableforyourpanner.Rehearsaltaskisapieceofclassroomworkinoutoutsideofwhichlearnersrehearse,inclass,acommunicativeacttheywillcarryclass.theD.Activationtask:Acommunicativeactdesignedtoactivatethelearningprocess;e.g.shipthatiSsinking.YouhavetoswimtoacallWorkwiththreeotherstudents.You[ireaonanearbyisland.Youhavewaterproofcontainer,butonlycarry20kilosofitemsinit.Decidewhichofthefollowingiternsyoutake.WhilePrabhuidentifiedthreetypesoft弱ks,allofwhichlessonwehavewererepresentedinthejustobserved.Aninformation-gapactivity,whichwesawusedinthe16previouschapterandinthisone,involvestheexchangeofinformationamonginordertocompletestudentdescribingaaparticipantsatask.Forexample,aninformation—gapactivitymightinvolvetodraworstudentspictureforanotherstudentdrawingeachothers’familytreesaftersharinginformation.Inthislesson,studentshadtoexchangeinformationwithintheirgroupsinordertocompletethetimetable.Anopinion-gapactivityrequiresthatstudentsagivetheirpersonalpreferences,afeelings,orattitudesinordertocompletesocialproblem,suchtask.Forinstance。studentsmi【ghtbegivenaashighunemploymentandbeaskedtocomeupwithaseriesofpossiblesolutions.Anothertaskmightbetocomposesoughttheircounselaboutaletterofadvicetoafriendwhohasonlyatthedilemma.Inourlesson,thestudentsawereadvanced-beginninglevel.Theiropinion—gaptaskwasrathersimpleonewhichinvolvedstudent’surveyingtheirclassmatesabouttheirfavoritesubjects.Areasoning-gapactivityrequiresstudentstoderivesomenewinformationbyinferringitfrominformationtheyhavebeengiven.Forexample,studentsmightbegivenarailroadortimetableandaskedtoworkoutthebestroutetogetfromoneparticularcitytoaanothertheymightbeaskedtosolveriddle.Inthelessonweobserved,studentswereaskedtousetheirfindingstofigureouthowbesttodiscovertheirclassmates。threemostpopularsubjects.Prabhu(1987)feelstasksoftenrequireathatreasoning-gaptasksworkbestsinceinformation-gapsinglesteptransferoftoandopinion·gaptaskstendhand,encouragecharacterizedbyaathansustainednegotiation,beratheropen·ended.Reasoning-gaptasks.ontheotherratherareinformation,moresustainedengagementwithmeaning,thoughttheyusestillsomewhatpredictableoflanguage.LongandCrookes(1993)haveidentifiedthreedifferenttypesoftask.baskedapproaches(theycallthemsyllabi).Thefirstoftheseisprocedural。whichisillustratedinthelessoninthisbook.ThesecondisbasedonBreenandCandlin’s(1980)notionthatlanguagelearningshouldbeseenasaprocesswhichgrowsoutofcommunicativeinteraction.Assuch,studentsandteachersdecidetogetheruponwhichtaskstodo.Thethirdtypeofapproachistheirowntask·baskedlanguageteaching。whichfocusesmeaningfulinteractionwhilestilldrawingstudents’attentiontoonlanguageformasneeded.on。WhereasinPrabhu’sapproach,theteacherdesignswhichtasksareothersbelievethatthewaylearnersaretobeworkedtobeginistoconductaneedsanalysisofreal.worldtasksthatlikelytoneedtoperform(Longforthcoming,citedinSkehanto1998).Thenpedagogictasks,whicharemoreaccessibleteacherthestudentsandmoremanageablebythethanreal—worldtasks,canbedesigned.aNowwehaveknowwhatistaskandwhatkindoftasksthereare.it'stimetoturntotask-basedlanguageteaching(TBLT)itsel£TBLTgrewoutofteachingpracticebutnotfromtheoreticstudies.ForaclearpictureofTBL,T’thefeaturesandsyllabusofTBLTwillbediscussed.173.5MainFeaturesofTask—basedlanguageTeachingTask.basedapproachisastudent-centeredapproachwhichcanbeappliedintheJuniorautonomouslearningEnglishteachingtocultivatestudentsintegratedlanguageskillsandcompetencebyfulfillingvarioustaskslanguagelearning.oractivities.TBLToffersallinnovativewaytoLong(1998)took·afurtherstepandlistedthefollowingCharacteristicsofTBLT:·learner-needs·drivensyllabusandmethodology;workonpedagogicaltasksplusafocusonform;·targettask-basedneeds·learnertrainingandanalysisdeterminessyllabuscontent;useofproblem-solvingpedagogicaltasks,oftenwithhighintellectualchallenge;·cooperativelearning.collaborativesmallgroupswork(two-wayasks);analytic,ontask-basedsyllabusProfessorGonglisted1.Itemphasizesonandasmethodology;constraintse丌.0rtreatment;follows:learningtocommunicatethroughinteractioninthetargetlanguage.2.Itintroducestheauthentictextsintothelearningsituation.3.Itgivesopportunitiesforlearnerstofocus,notonlyprocessitself.onlanguage,butalsoonthelearning4.Ittreatsthelearners’ownpersonalexperiences豳importantcontributingelementstoclassroomlearning.5.Itattemptsclassroom.3.6AimsofTask—basedTeachingandLearningTheuseoftaskswillalsogiveaclearandpurposefullearningofgrammartolinkclassroomlanguagelearningwithlanguageactivationoutsidethecontextfortheteachingandandotherlanguagef.eal[uresaswellasskills.Suchlanguagefocusstructuresofcomponentsinturnenableleamerstoconstructtheirknowledgelanguageandfunctions.Thetask-basedapproachprovidesopportunitiesforlearnerstoexperimentwithandexplorebothspokenandwrittenlearnersintheauthentic,practical1.Learntherelationshipslanguagethroughtaskswhicharedesignedtoengageandfunctionaluseoflanguageformeaningfulpurposes.differentpeople.Usethebetweenlanguagethatstudentshavelearnedtocommunicateinformation,exchangeopinions,linkupemotions,setupandkeepacertainrelationship.2.Learnfromthesocialmedias(newspaper,magazine,advertisement,film,television,makethemapplyinEnglishstudying.arebroadcasting,video,speech,etc.)and3.Learntoappreciatethearticlesthatthesamelevelwithlanguagelearning,butdevelopfurtherstudents’vocabulary,such∞stories,poems,songs,dramasetc.Studentscallrespondtothisarticle,andevenbegintocreatetheworkswithcharacteristics.183.7SyllabusofTask—basedlanguageteachingArisingfromtheisdefinitionsoneoftasks,relativeonatask-basedsyllabusesappear.Ahowtask—basedsyllabusindividualslearnathatisbasedontheprocessoflearning,thatis,onlanguageratherthanpre—selectionoflanguageitemstobetaughtinvolvestheideasmentionedabove.(Williams&Burden,2000).Atask-basedsyllabusThecontentoftheteachingiswantoraseriesofcomplexandpurposefultasksthatthestudentsneedtoperformwiththeaalanguagetheyarelearning.Thetasksaredefinedasactivitieswithpurposeotherthanlanguagelearning,butthewaythatisintendedtodevelopsecondperformanceofthetasksislearningapproachedinlanguageability.Languageissubordinatetotaskduringtheperformance,andlanguageteachingoccursonlyastheneedarisesperformanceofagiventask.Tasksintegratelanguageandotherskillsinspecifictodrawsettingsoflanguageuse.Thetask·basedteachinghasthegoalofteachingstudentsonresourcestocompletesomepieceofwork.Thestudentsdrawonavarietyoflanguageforms,functions,andthatcanskills,ofteninanunpredictableway,incompletingthetasks.Taskstobeusedforlanguagelearningare,generally,tasksthatthelearnersactuallyhaveinperformanycase.Examplesinclude:applyingforhelp,talkingwiththetelephoneoraforeigner,gettingsoon.informationoversearchinformationonthecomputer,andaThechoiceoftaskastheunitofsyllabusanalysisactuallyimpliesinherentinthecertainapproachtotermtask—basedlanguageteaching(Crookes&Gass,1993).Relatingsyllabuses.Amongthemaretask—basedlanguageteaching,therehavebeenseveralWhite’s(1988)analyticsyllabusandPrabhu(1987)proceduralsyllabus.Theseimplyatwosyllabusesstudent-centeredfocusonperformance,problem—solving(1earningskills),andonreflection(self-evaluation).Theteachingfocusisprocessratherthanproduct,andonhowtolearnratherthanwhattolearn.Thetask,ratherdigestedorathanbeingaaunitofgrammartobecollectionoflexicalitemstoberemembered,isordertolearnthemeansofusingthelanguage(Widdowson,1978)inlanguage(Ailwright,1984).Ithasmeaningforstudentswhohavetosolvecommunicationproblems,andthatmeaning,alongwiththeauthenticityintheuseofreal.1ifesituations.becomesinternalizedTheattitudetoaslinguisticcompetence.approachcanteachingandlearninginherentinthetask-basedbesummarizedinthefollowing:1.Learnerslearnwhatismeaningfultothem.2.Learnerslearninwaysthataremeaningful3.Whatteachersdoin4.Thereisatothem.theclassroomwillreflecttheirownbeliefsandartitudes.assignificantrolefortheteacherrepresentanmediationinthelanguageclassroom.5.Learningtasksinterfacebetweenteachersandlearners.6.LearningisinfluencedbythesituationinwhichitOCCUrs.3.7.1Meritsofthetask.basedsyllabusThetask-basedsyllabusescontaintllemerits19asfollows:①.Comparedtogrammaticalsyllabusesandfunctional-notionalsyllabuses,itisnotthelanguagebutthetaskswhichareselectedandgraded.(釜.Thetaskswhicharedesignedaccordingtoinputdata,learners’currentlevelwithprecisegoalscanberearrangedandgradedinvariousways.③.Task-basedapproachpromotesnaturalisticlearningandprocesses,particularlywhencombinedwithgroupwork,theyprovideaclosefitwithcommunicativelanguageteaching.TheproblemsintaskdesignarefoIlowing:①.Itishardtofindclearcriteriafortheselectionandgradingoftasks.JustasNunanstates“determiningtaskcomplexityismadedifficult,notonlybytherangeoffactorsinvolved,butalsobytheinteractionofthesefactorswitheachother'’.②.Itisobviousthetaskdifficultyisaffectedbycomplexityofinputdata.Howevertaskcallbedesignedeasyordifficultbysettingactivitieswhichrequiredifferentlearnerresponses.Soindesigningthetasks,Canwecompletelyignorethematerials?Areauthenticmaterialsbetterthanelaboratedwrittentexts?Howcanlearnersbeexposedtothelanguageasasystem?Therearenopreciseanswersinit.③.Intask-basedteaching,howcanwedealwithlanguageknowledge?Shouldgrammarbetaughtinit?IfSO,howCanitbedealtwithbytheteacherandstudents?Thestatusofgrammarisnotclear.3.7.2Drawbacksofthetask—basedsyllabusDespitemeritsoutlinedabove,task—basedsyllabusisnotwithoutproblems,whicharewhatthissectionwillbeconcernedwith.1.Thetasksmustbesuitableforthelanguagelearners.】nottoodifficultandnottoosimple,SOinthiscasehowtomakeabalanceaboutthesetwotendenciescomes2.Itseemstohavenoplacefortheteachingofgrammar.Learnerswhoareusedtoamoretraditionalgrammaticalsyllabusmayfindthisapproachdifficulttocometotermswith.3.Itiseasytoneglectthestudyofthebasiclanguage,resultingfromlearningbydoingdirectly.WillthelearnersevergrasPwhatisgoingon,orwhattheyaresupposedtohavegainedfromtheexperience?4.Itistoodifficulttocoverallaspectsthoroughly.5.Task.basedsyllabusesrequiremoreskillfulinstructors.Ifaninstructorlacksofthecommunicativelanguageskills,hows/hecandirectlearnerstoattaintheseskills.6.It’Sdifficulttodegreetasks.Howmanylevelsofanalysisareneeded?Whathierarchicalrelationshipsexistbetweenonelevelandanother?7.Itisverydifficultforthedesignerstoselect,gradeandsequencethetasksscientifically.3.8OtherFactorsaffectingtheimplementationoftask-basedteaching3.8.1TherolesofTeachersandStudentsTeachersandstudentsteachersandstudentsarearetwopartsinlanguageteaching."Role’’referstothepartthatasexpectedtoplayincarryingoutlearningtaskswellasthecansocialandinterpersonalrelationshipbetweentheparticipants.InESLclasses,therolesreadingbevariedanddiversefromotherclasseslikeandwriting.ThelatestCourseStandardsformiddleschoolEnglishteachingstipulatethatteachers’workistomotivatestudents’interestinEnglish,cultivatestudents’senseofSuccess,guidestudentsgoodtoformlearninghabit,enablethemtocommunicatesmoothlyaanddevelopsoundvaluethetask-basedlanguagetowardslearningandliving.Therolethatteacherplaysinteaching(TBLT)changesdrastically.TeachersplaymultiplerolesinTask·basedlanguageteaching:Theyskills;theyareactasknowledgeconveyers,supplyingstudentslanguageknowledgeandselectors,thecontrolroleoftheteachersistoselect,reviseandcreateallkindsoftasksinordertomeettherequirementsofthelearners;theyarehelpers,helpingstudentsgetEnglishasaninformationandanalyzeit,goingaroundintheclassroomandofferinghelp,maybe“alivedictionary”。withanaimofguaranteeingthetaskstobefulfilledsmoothlyandtosuccessfully,helpingstudentslearn,andsolveproblems;theyaremediators,actingthearedifferentrolesintask.basedclassroom.whicharecontrarytothatoftraditionalwhichtheyaremainlyasdisseminatorofinformation;theyorganizers,organizingaactivitiesforstudents.AsforStudents’RolesinTBEL。Nunan(2006;86)hasincludedareasvarietyofstudentroles,whicharepossibleinlanguageclasses,thesefollows:1.thelearneriSthepassiverecipientofoutsidestimuli;2.thelearnerisaninteractorandnegotiatorwhoarecapableofgivingaswellastaking;3.thelearneriSlearning;4.thelearnerisinvolvedinaaIistenerandperformerwhohaveIittlecontroloverthecontentofprocessofpersonalgrowth;5.1earnersiSinvolvedinasocialactivity,andthesocialandinterpersonalrolesofthelearnercannotbedivorcedfrompsychologicallearningprocesses;6.1earnersmusttakeresponsibilityfortheirownlearninganddeveloping;7.autonomyandskillsinlearning—how—to-learn.areTeachersandstudentsbody,teachersplayatwopartsinlanguageteaching.Whilestudentsarethemainpredominantrole,becauseofstudents’ages,character,psychologyESLclassrooms,therolesofteachersandlearnersare,andlackofEnglishknowledge.Ininmanyways,complementary.Thedevelopmentofcommunicativelanguageteaching,suchastask-basedteachingapproach,hashaddramaticeffectsOnboth.3.8.2ThePrinciplesofTaskDesigninginTask-basedlanguageTeaching21OntheApplicationofTask-basedLanguageTeachinginJuniorHighSchoolEnglishClasses......—.Ⅵm蚰designingthelearningtasks,however,theteacherneedstOpayattentionbothtothecontent:whatkindsoftasksandmaterialsthelearnerworkswith,andtOlearningprocess:howthelearnerisguidedtoworkonthetasks(Candlin,1987).InstructionaldecisionsCanbemades0astocombinethelanguagelearningaimsandtheeducationalgoalsinthelearningprocess.Thewaytheteacherorganizeslearningdependsonhisorherprofessionalthinking,competenceandresources.Enhancingthelearner'sawarenessintheaboveareaisthusconnectedwiththeteacher’Spedagogicalchoices.Thesewillalsodependontheculturalcontentoftheschoolandthenationaltraditionsofteachingandteachereducation.Generallyspeaking,teachingdesigningshouldfollowthebelowprinciples:1.Gainingattention2.Informinglearnersofobjective3.Stimulatingrecallofpriorlearning4.Presentingthestimulus5.Providinglearningguidance6.Elieitingperformance7.Providingfeedback8.Assessingperformance9.EnhancingretentionandtransferToacquirethetargetlanguageeffectively,learnersneedtoengageactivelyinprocessingthemeaningsofwhatevertheyhearandread.Avarietyofcommunicationtaskscanbedesignedwhichwillmotivateandgivelearnersapurposefordoingthis.Thus,materialsdesignershavethreedistinctresponsibilities:1.providingappropriatelanguagedataforthecourse·2.designingmeaning—focusedcommunicationtasksarisingoutofthosedatathatengagelearnersinmeaningandthatencouragegenuineuseoflanguage·3.designingform—focusedlanguagestudyexercisesthatraiselearners’awarenessoftypicalandusefulformalfeaturesoflanguage.Willis(1996)offersfiveprinciplesfortheimplementationofatask·basedapproach·Theseprovideinput,use,andreflectionontheinputanduse:1.Thereshouldbeexposuretoworthwhileandauthenticlanguage.2.Thereshouldbeuseoflanguage.3.Taskshouldmotivatelearnerstoengageinlanguageuse·4.Thereshouldbefocusonlanguageatsomepointsinataskcycle·5.Thefocusonlanguageshouldbemoreandlessprominentatdifferenttimes.Skehan(1998)alsoproposesfiveprinciplesfortask-basedinstruction:I.Choosearangeoftargetstructures.2.Choosetaskswhichcreateappropriateconditionsforlearning.3.Selectandsequencetaskstoachievebalanceddevelopment(i.e.,atcomplexity).contextofallappropriatelevelofdifficultyandfocusedbetweenfluency,accuracy,and4.Maximizethechancesofafocusonforminthemeaningfullanguageuse.5.Usecyclesofaccountability.Getlearnerstoself-assessregularly.Kumaravadivelu(1993)statedseveralfeatures:1.ItiSsubconscious.2.Itisdevelopmental.3.Itinvolvesthatthedesigningoftaskshastotakeintoconsiderationcertainpsycholinguisticprinciples.Thatis,languagelearningisaprocesswhichhasdecision-making.4.Itisprimarilyincidental.5.Itismeaning—focused.notlinear.6。Itinvolvesnegotiation.7.ItiS8.ItiSadditive.Theaboveprinciplescanareaboutwhatverygeneralsuggestionsforclassroomteachersonbedoneinclass.Researcherssuggestconcentratingcontentratherthanlinguisticitems.Thelanguagethatisneededtoperformthetaskhasouttobenegotiatedbythelearnersintheprocessofcarryingthesetaskswiththehelpoftheteacher,whosejobistofacilitatelearningopportunitiesinclass(Kumaravadivelu,1993).3.8.3StepsinDesigningaTask-BasedPrograminHavingspecifiedtargetandpedagogicaltasks,thesyllabusdesigneranalyzestheseordertoidentifytheknowledgeandskillsthatthelearnerwillneedtohaveinordertocarryoutthetasks.ThetonextstepistosequenceandintegratethetaskswithenablingexercisesdesigneddeveloptherequisitekeYdistinctionbetweenknowledgeandanexerciseandataskiSskills.AsIhavealreadyindicated,onethatexerciseswillhavepurelylanguagerelatedrelatedoutcomes,whiletaskswillhaverelatedones.arenon·languageoutcomes,aswellaslanguageThesethestepsthatlfollowindesigninglanguageprograms.1.Selectandsequencereal-world,targettasks2.Createpedagogicaltasks(rehearsal/activation)andlanguageexercises3.Identifyenablingskills:createcommunicativeactivities4.Sequenceandintegratepedagogicaltasks,communicativeactivitiesandlanguageexercises3.8.5TheTraditionalTeachingmethod-Five-StepTeachingModelInthetraditionalteachingclassroom,languageteachinghasthreefunctions:revisingtheformerlearnedoutlanguagematerials,learningnewvocabularies,soundsandgrammarsfiveandcarryingsomeactivitiesinlistening,speaking,readingandwriting.UsuallyOntheApplicationofTask-basedLanguageTeachinginJuniorHighSchoolEnglishClasses........——stepsareadoptedintheclassroom.Revision:atthebeginningoftheclass,thetheformerclassesandpresentsthemtoteacherselectssomematerialslearnedinanthestudentsinoralway.Atthistimetheteacher’SroleiStOintensethestudents’memories.Presentation:atthisstep,theteacherpresentsthenewlanguagematerials,suchasnewwordsorthegrammar.Thestudentssittherequietlyandlistencarefully.Drill:Afterintroducingthenewlanguageknowledge,theteacherguidesthestudentstoreadloudly.Atthestage,theteacherisallorganizerororadirectortodecidetheformsofdrillingwhetherit’Sinpairs,inrows,ingroupsinthewhileclass.tousePractice:Afterdrillingthelanguagepoints,thestudentspracticethemandtrytheminarealsetting.Atthisstage,theteacherreducesthecontroluseovertheclassandencouragestolanguageindependently.Theteacherisarefereeoramonitor.Consolidation:ItiSusuallycombinedwithwrittenexercises.Thestudentswritedownwhatthey’velearnedintheclassoraretestedbytheteacher.Itisbelievedtobehelpfultoconsolidatethestudents’memories.Thefive·stepteachingmodelisbasedonthePPPapproach(presentation,practice。production).Aproduction).Inofthepointintraditionalmodelfortheorganizationoflanguagelessons,bothintheclassroomandincourse-books,haslongbeenthePPPapproach(presentation,practice,PPPteachinginvolvespresentationofalanguagepointfollowedbypracticeacontrolledmanner,perhapsfollowedbyfreepracticeandthenfinallyonaaproductionstageusingtheinauthenticlanguagethepoint.Theproductionstageisoftenbasedthisthisratheremphasisonchosenstructure.(Ellis,1993)saysapproachisjust“presentation,practiceandfurtherpractice’'(Ellis,1993:4).WiIlmodelindividuallanguageitemsarepresentedbytheteacher,thenpracticedintheformofspokenandarewrittenexercises(Theycontrolledspeakingoroftenpatterndrills),andthensuedbytheleamersinlesswritingactivities.3.8.6TheproblemsintheTraditionalTeachingThetraditionalteachingiScarriedoutthroughthefive.stepmodel.inwhichthelanguageknowledgeisclassroom.Insuchapresentedandpracticedandthentested,displaysateacher-centeredclassroomtheteacheriSintheleadingpositionwhilethestudentsareinthepassiveposition.Students’needstheknowledgepassively.andinterestarehardtomeetandtheyjustreceiveAlthoughthegrammarpointspresentatthebeginningoftheclassandthetraditionalintoateachingproceduremaywellfitneatlygrammaticalsyllabus,theapparentarbitrarinessoftheIearners.TheteacheriStryingtocontrolnotonlyinputbutalsowhatiSlearnt.Skehan(1996)believesthattheunderlyingtheoryforaPPPapproach(onwhichthetraditionalteachingbaseson)hasnOWbeendiscredited.Thebeliefthataprecisefocusonaparticularformleadstolearningandatomization(thatlearnerswilllearnwhatistaughtintheorderinwhichitistaught)nolingercarriesmuchcredibilityinlinguisticsorpsychology(BrumfitandJohnson,1979,Ellis,1985).onThePPPmodelusedbythetext—booksandmostoftheteachersisbasedtheteacheractivity.Onlythepracticeandtheproductionstages(thelatterbeingfrequentlyomitted)refertolearneractivity.Theychoosetodisregarditsseriousdrawbacksbecauseitoffers‘‘asingle,simile,clear,workablelessonmodel”(Skehan,1996:79).juniorschoolstudentsdemandsthealsodemandsthe3.8.7TheevaluationofTask-BasedLanguageTeachingNationalStandardscombinationforEnglishCurriculumforofprocessevaluationandachievementevaluation.Itprinciplepartofevaluationshouldbepluralismandtheformofevaluationshouldbediversification.Teachersshouldpayattentionwell.tooutcomeandpayattentiontoprocessasLearningbydoingisassessmentsinTBLTiscouldbeoneofthemainprinciplesofTBLT.AndoneofthemaintOaccomplishthetaskornot.Theprocessofcarryingoutthetaskaneffectivemethodtoevaluatestudents.A)Performanceassessmenttoisdefinedassystematicattempttomeasureknowledgeinsolvingproblemsoralearner’Sabilityusepreviouslyacquiredcompletingspecifictasks.(Stiggins,1998)B)Performanceassessmenttoaimtomodelthereallearningactivitiesthatwewishstudentsengagewith,oralandwrittencommunicationskills,problemsolvingactivitiesetc,rathertothanfragmentthem,asdomultiple—choicetest;theaimisthattheassessmentdonotdistortteaching.Performanceandoraassessmentinvolvesstudentsinperformingtotasksthatreflectreal-lifesituationsproducingproductchallengesstudentsdemonstratewhattheyhavelearnedbyperformance.(Gipps,1994)eats3.9SummaryGiveamanafishandheforaaday.Teachhimhowtofishandheeatsforalifetime(WenQiufang2001).Thisisopinionstoonspecificreflectionofthelifelongeducationallteachingstudentshowtostudybythemselves.TBLTofferslearning.ThefocusoftheTBLTisoninnovativewaylanguagethetask.Theclassstrivesforandpreparecommunicationandfluency.Languagetotasksinvitestudentstoplan,reportactivities.Students玳invitedthemselvesareinteractandproducelanguagenaturally.Thestudentsmainintentionoftasksaninvolvedininvestigatingstructurestoandforms.TheintheTBLTishelpstudentsexplorelanguage,tomakethemdevelopawarenessofaspectsofgrammar,vocabularyandpronunciation.Studentsneedtoassisteachotherinsystematizingwhattheyhaveobservedandandlearnedaboutcertainfeaturesoftolanguage.TheyalsoneedtoCO—operatewitheachotherinorderthingsbyordering,listing,classilyingclarifyconceptsandtonoticenewcategorizingthem.Studentslearnbydoing.OntheApplicationofTask-basedLanguageTeachinginJuniorHighSchoolEnglishClasses.........Onlythestudent-centeredclassroomcancaterforTBLT.ChapterFourResearch4.1AimsofexperimentThereareMethodologyandDataAnalysisthreeaimsinthisresearch:A.ToprobethebasicformoftheEnglish;B.Toidentifythattask·basedlanguageteachinginJuniorHighschoolthismethodcanimprovethestudents’abilitiesoflistening.aspeaking,readingandwritinginEnglishlearningcomparedwithtraditionalEnglishteachingmethod,guidedbytheTask—basedteachingtheory,usingtask-basedteaching;C.Tolanguageidentifythatthismethodcallactivatethestudents’interestinEnglishlearningEnglishlearning.andstimulatethestudents’potentialabilityin4.2ResearchQuestionstheTask-BasedTeachingmethodismoreeffectivethanthetraditionalTheresearchaddressesthefollowingtworesearchquestions:1.WhetherteachingoneinJuniorHi【ghschool?Approachcan2.WhetherTask·basedTeachinglistening,speaking,readingimprovethestudents’abilityofandwriting?4.3ResearchDesignTheexperimentalperiodlastedawholeschoolterm。fromMarch,2007一July,2007TeachingmaterialisGoForItforGrade7publishedbyPeople’SEducationPress.4.3.1SubjectsThesubjectsinvolvedinthisstudyarestudentsintwoclassesinGradeSeveninGaocaiJuniorHighSchoolinPanjin,LiaoninguseProvince.Classlistheexperimentalclass(EC)with50studentsusingclass(CC)withanothertheTask-BasedTeachingMethod,andClass2isthecontrolled50students.ItraditionalteachingmethodinClass2.4.3.2ProceduresoftheexperimentFirst,atthebeginningoftheterm。aquestionnairesurveycontainingthefollowing10questions(SeeAppendixI)Wasmadeinthethestudents。attitudestowardsEnglish1.1'minterestedinEnglish2.IfeelrelaxedinlearningEnglishcoursetwoclassestogathertheinformationofandtheirlearningstyles:3.IlearnEnglishaccordingtotherequestoftheirteachers4.ICancompleteEnglishhomeworkoutsideclassindependently5.Ithinktheteachingmethodusedbytheteachersnowisgood6.IcallpreviewbeforehavingEnglishclass7.I'minterestedinthepresenttextbook8.Itake9.IcananactivepartinEnglishclass.solvetheproblemsinlearningEnglish.10.IliketolearnEnglishwordsbydoingsomething.Theresultofthequestionnaireispresentedbelow.Table1Questionnaireresultbeforetheexperiment:ControlClassQuestionnumber123456789Agree%NeitheragreenorDisagree%62643646484046385260disagree%323024664018122462620103640364836281030Table2Questionnaireresultbeforetheexperiment:ExperimentalClassQuestionnumber1234Agree%Neitheragreedisagree%norDisagree%34858643022346384048181456736323636202650464638605822182620891016ThequestionnaireshowedthatstudentsbeforetheexperimentinthetwoclasseshadsimilarattitudestowardsEnglishcourseandlearningstyles.Secondly,whileinthecontrolclass,thetraditionalisstillused,intheexperimentalclasstask-basedmethod(five—stepteachingmethod)languageteachingisapplied,themodeloftask-basedclassroomwasdesigned,theareadopted.project-basedhometaskandtask—basedassessmentThirdly.studentsscoresinbothgroupsaretestedpreandposttheexperiment.Thestudents’inthesedifferentgroupsarecomparedaccordingtotheirfirsttestandthesecondontest.BothgroupsofthestudentsinECandCCareaskedtodothesameexerciseslistening,speaking,readingandwriting.Finally,attheendoftheexperimentaquestionnairewhichcontainsfivequestionsWastoEnglishlearningafterbeingtaughtbyusedtocollectthedataofsubjects’reflectionusingdifferentteachingmethods.4.3.3Pre—testresultToguaranteethereliabilityofthestudy,IusedoverallachievementinECapre·testtocomparethestudents’andCC.TheresultsareasfollowsTable3DescriptivestatisticsandsignificanceofdifferencesofECandCCinpre-testClassNMeanSDttestExperimentalClass5068.369.8l0.24lControlledClass5070.258.3lFromtheabovetable3,wecanseethereWasnosignificantdifferencebetweenECandCCbeforetheexperiment,SOitguaranteesthereliabilityofthestudy.Means,standarddeviations,andTable3.TheresultsofthettestnumbersforeachclassnoonthepretestareshowninECindicatesthatthereissignificantdifferencebetweenandCCbeforetheexperiment.Table4Descriptivestatisticsof“listening竹inthepre—testClassNMearlSDttestExperimental50ClassControlled506.302.500.0296.702.10ClassTable5Descriptivestatisticsof“Speaking”inthepre-testClassNMeaRSDttestExperimentalClassControlledClass506.432.5730.295506.6l1.922Fromtheabovetable5,wecanseethereWasnosignificantdifferencebetweenECandCCin‘‘speaking'’beforetheexperiment.ClassNMeanSDtteStExperimentalClassControlled506.262.0600.26350Class6.661.282Fromtheabovetable6,wecanseethereWasriosignificantdifferencebetweenECandCCbeforetheexperimentinreadingcomprehensionbeforetheexperiment.ClassNMeanSDttestExperimentalClass506.9561.370.640ControlledClass507.0641.35Fromtheabovetable7,wecanseetherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenECandCCinwritingbeforetheexperiment.ThedataarecountedandworkedoutwiththehelpofcomputerofMicrosoftExcel,includingthenumbersofthestudentsindifferentnumbers,t-testandexperiment.Theyitems,means,standardsetsdeviations。andP(significantdifference).These1)thescoresofrawdataareobtainedfromthescoresareofECandCCinthefirsttest;2)theofECandCCinthesecondtest.Fromthetables,Accordingtotherulesofstatistics,wecanseethereWasnosignificantdifferencebetweenECandCCbeforetheexperiment.4.3.4Post.testresultAftertheexperimentforaboutoneterm,Iarrangedapost·test,usingthesametestPaperasinthepre—test.Table8DescriptivestatisticsandsignificanceofdifferencesofECandCCinposttestClassNMeanSDttestExperimental5072.057.180.025C:lassControUedClass5069.086.52Table9Descriptivestatisticsoflisteningcomprehensioninthepost-testClassNMearlSDttestExperimentalClassControlledClass509.021.220.00l507.221.56Table10Descriptivestatisticsoforaliteminthepost-testClassNMean7.13SDttestExperimentalClass502.230.003ControlledClass506.932.733lTable11Descriptivestatisticsofreadingcomprehensionsinpost—testClassNMeanSDttestExperimental508.28Class1.740.001Controlled507.662.73ClassTable12Descriptivestatisticsofwritinginpost-testClassNMearlSDtteStExperimental509.282.16Class0.002ControlledClass507.551.87Accordingtotherulesofstatistic,throughaboutone-termexperiment,thedifferencesaregreater.Intheformabove,wecanseethatthetask-basedapproachhasgottheresultsobviously.Itcarlhelpimprovestudents’abilitiesandteachingquality.Itfurtherstheteacher’Sconfidencedeeply.Inaword,Task·basedLanguageTeachingcanactivatethestudents’interestinEnglishlanguagelearning,canstimulatethestudents’potentialabilityinEnglishlearning,andespeciallycarlimprovetheirlistening,speaking,readingandwritingabilities.4.3.5QuestionnaireresultaftertheexperimentInordertocarryonfurtherinvestigation,wedesignedanotherquestionnairecontaining5questions(SeeAppendixII)tocomparethestudents’attitude,confidencebetweentheexperimentalclassandthenormalclassaftertheexperiment.Forthefirstquestion,thestudentsdescribedtheEnglishclasslikethis:OurEnglishclassislivelyandinteresting.Underthisatmosphere,wecanproposeourideasfreely.ItcanarouseourinterestinlearningEnglish.Itcanpromoteourcross—cultureconsciousnessandstudyingindependently.OurEnglishteacheralsoexplainslanguagepointswedon’tunderstandveryclearly.WecarlgetbasicknowledgeandimproveourintegratedabilitiesofusingEnglish.Infactwemustpasstheexamsfirst.Aboutthesecondquestion,mostofthestudentswhowereinterviewedenjoyedthewaytheteacherdealwiththetextbook.Theythinkthatthelisteningtaskistoodifficultanditisnousetolistenagainandagain.Thetasksshouldbebasedonreallifeofthestudents.Theyalsothinkthatexplainingmorelanguageknowledgepointsandmoregrammarsisgoodforthemtogetbettermarksintheexams;theycareaboutthescoresoftheexamsanditisalsomoresuitableusetothelessdevelopedstudents.Fromtheiropinions,IthinkIshouldthetextbookmorecreativelyandflexiblyintheEnglishteachingpractice.Asforthethirdquestion,thestudentslikethisformtocompletethetasksbycooperatingwiththeirclassmates.Theythinkthatcancanpromotetherelationshipbetweenthestudents.ItprovideahelpfulinteractiveframeworkformakingstudentsactiveandinterestedinIearningandexploitingtheirpotentiallanguageabilityandevokingtheirenergytousethelanguagecreatively.Theminorityofthestudentslikethinkingindependently.Forthefourthquestion,mostofthestudentsthinkthattheyhavemoreconfidenceinlearningEnglishliketocommunicatewithothersinEnglish.Forthelastquestion,inthanbefore.Theywiththeaccordancedifferentlevelsofthestudents,theygivedifferentopinions,mostofstudentshopetocombinethemultimediaassistedforeignlanguageteachingandnetworkteachingwiththetask-basedapproach.Withthehelpofthemodernapproaches,teachersandstudentseasilyenterthefamouscalllibraryintheworldtoobtainmuchinformationfortakingpartintheactivitiesinclass.4.4DiseussionAftertheexperimentforthewholeterm,IflSWasreadytoanswertheresearchquestionsmentionedinSection4.2:1.WhethertheTask-BasedteachingoneTeachingmethodismoreeffectivethanthetraditionalinJuniorHi曲school?approachcall2.WhetherTask-basedteachingspeaking,readingimprovethestudents’abilityoflistening,andwriting?canseeFromthedataintheabovetables.weafterusingApproach,thestudentslikelearningEnglish.ItprovesthatT雒k-basedTeachingthetask-basedapproachCanimproveteachingandlearningqualityofEnglish.Thetask·basedapproachpromotesthedevelopmentofstudents;interestinEnglishstudying.WiththeenhancementofEnglishinterest,theEnglishlearningattitudehasalsoonlytrainsstudentstochanged.Task—basedlanguageasalanguageteachingnotimprovetheirbasicabilitiesofuseavailably,butalsoreflectsthattheteachersrespectthestudents’actualneed,beinginthelightoftakingstudentasmainpart,takingthedevelopmentofthestudentsbasiceducationalprinciple,todevelopdevelopingstudents’subjectiveinitiativewiththemaximumlimittheefficiencyofEnglishstudy.Therefore,itshowsthattheEnglishlearningtaskshavethegreatinfluenceinimprovingbothstudents’abilitiesandtheirconfidenceinlearningEnglish.Thisapproachcallreflectstudent-centerintheclassteachingandpromotetheirdevelopment.33ChapterFiveConclusion5.1MajorfindingsofthestudyaIappliedTask.basedLanguageTeachingforHighschoolinreadingtermtoEnglishteachinginmyJunioraanjin.Istudiedittoimprovethestudents’abilitiesoflistening,speaking,andresultwriting,developtheirabilitytointeract,reflectandsolveproblems.ThecannotmeettherequestofTheStandardofshowsthattheoldmodeofEnglishteachingtoEnglishCourseandtherequestofthesociety.Myresultdemonstratesthatitisnecessaryusetask.basedlanguageteachingintheEnglishteachingofJuniorHighsch001.Task-basedthatlanguageteachinghasthecharacterscanfromstudy,completedifferentkindsoftasksandpaymoreattentiontotheteachingideaofstudent‘center.Thetask.basedlanguageteachingisbasedonthedevelopmentofappliedlinguistics,thesecond”learningwhicharelanguageacquisition,learningtheoryandtheinstructionaltheory.Itfocusesonavarietyofdifferentkindsoftasksbydoing”,anditisalwaysorganizedaroundrelatedtothereallife,takingthelearners’desireofaccomplishingsomespecifictasksasthemotivationoftheirfurthercommunicativelearning.TaskbasedLearningbuthasovercometheApproachiSthelatestdevelopmentofCommunicativeApproachesfatalproblemoccurredincommunicativeapproachesthatmanyunrealcommunicativeactivitieshaveappearedincommunicativeclassroomteaching.TBLleadsstudentsEnglishbyfulfillingatolearnreallifetaskinordertoimprovetheirabilitiesofusingEnglish-onGoodlearningtaskshavethefollowingfeatures(basedshould:1GongYafu2003).Theyenablelearnersto2allowlearnerstomanipulateandpracticespecificfeaturesoflanguagerehearse,inclass,communicativeskillstheywillneedintherealworld34activatepsychoIogical/psycholinguisticprocessesoflearningbesuitableformixedabilitygroupSinvolvelearnersinsolvinga567891011problem,comingtosourceaconclusionbebasedonauthenticornaturalisticmaterialinvolvelearnersinsharinginformationrequiretheuseofmorethanonemacro-skiUallowlearnerstothinkandtalkaboutlanguageandlearningpromoteskillsinlearninghowtolearnhaveclearobjectivesstatingwhatlearnerswillbeabletodoasaresultoftakingpartinthetask12utilizethecommunityasaresource13givelearnersachoiceinwhatwaytheydoandtheorderinwhichtheydoit.14involvelearnersinrisk—taking15requirelearnerstorehearse,rewriteandpolishinitialefforts16enablelearnerstoshareintheplanninganddevelopmentofthetask17havebuiltintothemameansofevaluatingthesuccessorotherwiseofthetask.Task·basedLanguageTeachingemphasizesthatlearnerscandosomethingwithwhattheyhavelearned.Withclearobjectivetheydeveloptheirlanguagecompetence,thinkingcapabilityandabilitytoexchangeandcooperatewithotherswhilecarryingoutatask,thushelpingtoimprovethecomprehensiveabilitytouseaforeignlanguage.Thecharacteristicsbelowshouldbeembodiedintask·basedinstruction:(1)task·basedinstructionshouldkeepabalancebetweeninputandoutput;(2)languageformisthebasisoflanguagemeaning;(3)learningproductandprocessarebothemphasized;(4)real—worldtasksandpedagogictasksareequallyimportanttolanguagelearning.Afterthetask,teachershouldgiveasuitableassessment.Theassessmentshouldfocusnotonlyontheprocessofdealingwiththetasks,butalsoonthecompetenceofautomaticandco-operativelystudy.Task—basedassessmentshouldelicitperformancethatisdirectlyrelatedtothecommunicativeobjectivesofthecourse,itshouldprovidelearnerswithopportunitiestoshowwhattheycandowiththelanguage,anditshoulddescribethecriteriabywhichlearners’performancewillbejudged.5.2SuggestionsforfutureresearchAftertheexperiment,wefindthattherearesomepointsshouldbepaidattentiontowhileimplementtask-basedlanguageteaching.1.ThedesignoftasksshouldinsistrealityFirst,accordingtothestudent’Sagecharacteristic,cognitionlevelandknowledgelevel,inJinewiththeaimofeachtakeswhatheneeds,eachdoeshisbest,lealTlbyhavingtheresults,designtasksacceptedbythestudents.Secondlydesigntruetasksaccordingtothestudents’reallifesystematicallyandContinuously.Thirdly,toexploreteachingresourcesinandoutofschoolactively,todesigntasksaccordingtolocalteachingconditions.2.ThechoiceoftasksreflectshumanitiesPayattentiontoembodymoraleducation,alsosociety,life,socialintercourse,cross·culturalmutually,andphilosophyhistory,literature,art,environmentalprotection,lawtobeintheintegral.Toimprovethestudents’abilityofexpressingtheirownideascontinuously.3.Thetasksperformanceshouldpayattentiontofulfillment35theRequestthestudentsalltoparticipateintheactivity,practicewell,displaycharacter,embodyperson’Ssubjectiveconsciousness,makethestudentcarryoutthetargetoftasksbymeansofApperceiving,practicing,experiencingpersonally,participatingandcooperating.Inthetask-basedlanguageteaching,theteachersorganizeanddevelopteachingactivity,accordingtothestudent’Sactuallevelandreallife,tOmakethestudentsacquiretheabilityofusinglanguage.ItbringsEnglishclassroomteachingvitality,atonetimeputsforwardahigherrequesttotheteacher’Squalityandlevel,Thusteachersshouldreneweducationalidea,studyandinvestigatecontinuouslyinpractice.Task—basedlanguageteachinginjuniorhi曲schooliseffective.Thestudents’thinkingisactiveandthestudentsarebravetocomeupwiththeirownviews,andactivetoparticipateinEnglishclass.Especiallytheircooperatingconsciousnessbecomesstronger.Whiledesigningatask-basedlanguageteachingactivity,theteachershouldnoticethefollowingpoints:1.Theactivityshouldhaveanexplicitpurposeandmaneuverability;2.Theactivityshouldtakethestudentslifeexperienceandinterestaspointofdeparture3.Theactivityshouldbeadvantageoustotheabilityofusinglanguage;4.TheactivityshouldacceleratetheirpenetratebetweenEnglishsubjoctandothersubject;5.Theactivityshouldbeadvantageoustodevelopthestudents’abilityofsolvingproblemsinEnglish;6.Thedesignoftaskactivityshouldembodytherequestofopening.7.Todefinetheintensionoftaskactivity,distinguishtaskactivityandpracticeactivity5.3LimitationsoftheresearchIappliedtheTask-basedapproachtoteachingforaterminmyjuniorhighschoolandstudiedittoimprovethestudents’abilityoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting,developtheirabilitytointeract.reflectandsolveproblemsandimprovethestudents’interestinEnglish.Inthemeantime。Ialsodiscoveredsomelimitationsinthestudy.Firstly,inthisresearch.thenumberofsubjectsiSlimited.Allthe100eligiblesubjectsweretakenfromGaocaiJuniorHighSch001.Theymaynotrepresentallotherjuniorschoolstudents.Secondly.theactivitiesarelimitedtothetextbookGo而,.It.Whetheractivitiesdesignedinothertextbookcanalsoapplythetask—basedapproachneedscarefulstudybeforeanyconclusioncouldbedrawn.Thirdlysincethestudylastedonlyforaterm.whetherthisresearchcallbeappliedtoothergradessuchasgrade2andgrade3stillremainstobeinvestigatedandstudied.Furthermoresomefindingsmightnotbeasconsistent船theresearchforalongerperiodoftime.Along.timestudywouldbedesiredinthissense.5.4ImplicationsforfutureresearchAftertheexperimenLwefindthatthetask-basedlanguageteachingishelpfultoresolvetheissuesonmeaningandform,functionandstructure.Forthestudents,itparticipate,experience,investigate,andcooperate.Thestudentsetsupknowledgeanddeveloptheirabilities.Thetask—basedlanguageteachingishelpfultocombinethestudents’languageabilitywiththeirotherqualities,suchasprocessingencouragesstudentstoinformation,completingthestudent’Spersonaltasks,socialintercourse.Thetask·basedcareerastheimportantfactoroflanguageteachingtreatsstudy,andcombinethestudyinteachingpaysclasswiththesocialactivities.Task—basedlanguageattentiontObothlanguagestudy.andlearningprocess.ItishelpfulforstudentstoformanindependentabilityofThetask-basedapproachtolanguagelearningputsemphasiscommunicationthroughpurposefulinteractionintheontargetlearninglanguagetolanguage.Learners’learningareindependencemakelearningandtheirpositiveattitudetowardssuccessful.ThelanguagealsoessentialtOlanguagetask—basedapproachprovidesopportunitiesforlearnerstOlearnandexplorebothspokenandwrittenlanguageactivitieswhicharedesignedtOengageuselearnersintheauthenticthroughallkindsandpracticaluseaofoflanguagefortheirpurposes.Theofallkindsofactivitiesshouldalsogiveasclearandpurposefultaskfortheteachingandlearningofgrammaraswelltheotherskills.Throughteachingpractice,Irealizethatinthetask-basedteaching,theteachersactastheguide.Teachersdesignacontentofteachingfromtheconcreteangleoflearning,thestudents’activityhasanexplicittargetdirection,theoperationrequests.Invariousactivities,cancausethestudents’brainsarealwaysplacedinactivestate.whichresonancethestudents’andinterest.Thus,thewholelearningprocessesnotonlyarealIactiveandvoluntary.Theyacquireready-madeknowledge,butalsohavetheabilityoflanguageusage.CallAndalongwiththeenhancementofthestudents’languageability,thestudentsexpresstheirownthoughtsmorecreatively.Briefly,theEnglishteachersapplyingtask—basedapproachshouldbringtheadvantagesoftask-basedlanguageteachingJuniorintofullplaytOimproveteachingqualityinHiighSch001.Moreover,intheimplementoftask-basedIanguageteaching,theonteachersshouldintrospecttheirownteachingcontinuously,andcarryItiShopedthatcontinuousmakingtask-basedadjustmentintime.investigationteachingaandexperimentcanbecarriedoutinfuture,languagemodefullofvitality.37ReferencesAljaaffeh,A.,&Lantolf,J.P.(1994).Negativefeedbackasregulationandsecondlanguagelearninginthezoneofproximaldevelopment.TheModernLanguageJournal,78(4),465-483.Allwright,D.1984.Whydon。tlearnershypothesis.Inlearnwhatteachersteach?TheinteractionD.M.SingletonandD.Little(Eds.)LanguageLearninginFormalandInformalContexts,3·18.Dublin:IrishAssociationforAppliedLinguistics.Arnold,J.1999.A行ectinLanguageLearning.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Breen,M.(1987).LearnercontributionsLanguagelearningtotaskdesign.InC.CandlinandD.Murphy(Eds.),tasks(pp.23—46).EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:PrenticeHall.aBreen,M.E,&Candlin,C.N.(1980).Thelanguageteaching.AppliedessentialsofcommunicativecurriculuminLinguistics,J(2),89一ll0.Brown,H.D.(2002).PrinciplesofLanguageLearninga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onshonestly.ForeachofthequestionyoushouldchooseAagreeBneithernumberthatdescribesyouropinion.Thankyou1agreenordisagreeCdisagreetickthe1.I’minterestedinEnglish.2.IfeelrelaxedinlearningEnglish.3.IlearnEnglishaccordingtotherequestoftheirteachers.4.IcancompleteEnglishhomeworkoutsideclassindependently.5.IthinktheteachingmethodusedbytheteachersnOWisgood.6.IcanpreviewbeforehavingEnglishclass.7.I'minterestedinthepresenttextbook.8.Itake9.IcanallactivepartinEnglishclass.solvetheproblemsinlearningEnglish.10.IliketolearnEnglishwordsbydoingsomething.41OntheApplicationofTask-based1.ang,tageTeaching.in.JuniorHighSeh_oolEnglishClasps_AppendixIIQuestionnaire2ThefollowingareisquestionsaboutlearningEnglish.Thisnojustforaresearchpurpose·Foreachofthequestionthereisquestionshonestly.Thankyou1rightortoanswerthewronganswer,SOyouasked1.WhatdoyouthinkofthetasksinyourEnglishclass?ofthethingswehavedoneinclasscan2.WhichimproveyourEnglishlearning?3.Doyouhopetocooperatewithyourclassmates?4.DoyouhaveconfidenceinlearningEnglishwell?5.Whatadvicedoyougiveabouttheclassroomteaching?42TestpaperI.对话理解:听录音,根据你所听到的对话内容,从每小题ABC中选择最佳答案。(读两遍))1.A.HeiSathome.(B.HeiSdoinghishomework.C.Heisswimming.()2.A.Inahospital.B.Inapolicestation.C.Inapark.()3.A.Inarestaurant.B.Inapostoffice.C.InaTVstation.()4.A.HeboughtsomeCDs.B.Hewenttosch001.C.Hevisitedhisfriend.()5.A.223.5083.B.834-5083.C.834-5038.II.对话理解:听录音,根据你所听到的一大段对话内容,从每小题A、B、C中选择最佳答案.(读两遍))6.WhereareSamandhismother?(A.Atsch001.B.Athome.C.Afoodshop.()7.What’SSam’Sfavouritefood?A.Vegetablepizzas.B.Breadandmilk.C.Chickenpizza.()8.WhatdoesSam’Smotheraskhimtodo?A.Washhisface.B.Washhishand.C.Washhis(clothes.fatherdoingnow?)9.What’SSam’sA.Heisworking.B.Heisgoingtothestation.C.Hjjssleeping.()10.WhatdidSam’sfatherdolastni【ght?43A.Hewenttothestationtomeethisfriend.B.Hewrotealettortohisfriend.C.1watchedTV.Oralitem:以你家附近动物园的动物为话题,说说你在哪看到了哪些动物,它们有哪些of,like,because,interesting特点。提示词:ZOO,animals,kind要求:不少于60个词。Readingcomprehension:(A)CCTV.118:3019:0019:4520:2021:5022:2023:00NTTV18:3019:0019:4520:2021:5022:2023:00NTTVnewsPopularsongsChildren’SNewsCCTv-4W0rid18:30ModemEnglish19:0019:3020:4522:3022:5000:30JSTV18:4019:0019:3019:4521:3023:15Women’SlifeAroundtheworldFilm:DiaryofaCultureandIifeNurseFootballMatch:China.AmericaEnglishnewsFilm:GonewiththewindEndMessageEndfromthemarketModemarts(艺术)EnglishforchildrenNewsfromCCTV二lJSNewsAnimalworldAmericanEnglishTodayVolleyballMatch:Japan-ChinaTVplay:StoryofanAutumnScienceandlifeSportsnewsEndEnd()73.AvolleyballfancanenjoyavolleyballmatchC.NTTVonA.CCTV-4B.CCTV二3D.JSTV()74.Ifyouareinterestedinpopsongs,youA.CCTV.3B.NTTVnewsonmaychooseC.CCTV-4D.JSTVminutes.D.40(()75.TheEnglishA.25CCTV-4lasts(持续)aboutC.30B.20)76.WhichTVA.JSTVstationhasthemostEnglishprogrammes?B.NTTVinterestedC.CCTV-lD.CCTV-4()77.Ifyouarein(对…感兴趣)ModemB.CCTV4arts,youmaychoo靶D.JSTVA.CCTV二lC.NTTVB.阅读短文后根据短文内容回答问题.Therearemanydifferentanimals.Whatanimalsfromaregoodforazoo?KoalascomeaAustralia.Theyarequiet.friendly,andcute.Childrenlikethem.Theyneedtreeforahome.SomepenguinsalsocomefromAfrica.Theyaareinterestingandexciting.Theyneedbighome.LionsaarealsofromAfrica.Theyareexcitingandscary,too.Lionsareandtigersneeddon’tneedneedaaplacetorun.PandasarefromChina.Theycuteandfriendly.Theybigroom.ElephantsarefromAfrica.Theyareexcitingandfriendly.Theyswimmingpool,too.78.Howmanykindsofanimalsarethereinthezoo?79.Wherearepenguinsfrom?80.Whydochildrenlikekoalas?81.Wheredotigerscomefrom?82.Dothepandasneedabighome?提示作文:请用英语写一篇论“早起”(EarlyRising)重要性的短文。1.早起有益。2.早起可呼吸到新鲜的空气(need对身体健康有好处(it定工作计划(itCallfreshUShelpstokeepUSair),做早操(do\takemorningexercises)fit);早起对学习有好处:早起可从容制work):对工作有好处。enabletoplanour3.我们都应早起。(shouldgetupearly)注意:1.不需逐条翻译。2.词数:70词左右。3.文章标题已给出。EarlyRisingEarlyrisingisgoodforUSinmanyways.45任务型教学法在初中英语教学中的应用
作者:
学位授予单位:被引用次数:
李凤卓
辽宁师范大学1次
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1.梁中林 任务型教学法在初中英语教学中的应用[期刊论文]-剑南文学 2010(6)
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