一
I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given: 1. Modern linguistics is d__________ rather than prescriptive.
2. Consonants can be described in terms of p________ of articulation, manners of
articulation, and v_______.
3. A_________ are variants of the same phoneme in different phonetic contexts. 4. The smallest meaningful unit of language is called m________.
5. According to Saussure, a linguistic sign is composed of s________ and
s_______.
6. General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system composed of
three aspects: sound, s________ and meaning.
7. Monophthongs and d_________ are two major types of vowels.
8. Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called a_________ gap, e.g.
/blik/, /bilk/, /klib/, and /kilb/.
9. M_________ and s________ make up two subsystems of language. 10. The language used to talk about language is called m___________.
11. According to M.A.K. Halliday, language plays three metafunctions
simultaneously: the ideational function, the i________ function and the t__________ function.
12. Chinese is a typical t________ language. M (mother), m (hemp) m (horse)
m (scold), for example, are four distinguished words.
13. The total number of words stored in the brain is called l_______, which can be
understood as a mental dictionary.
14. Words like went, which is not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast
with the root, are called s________.
15. S_________ is defined as the study of meaning.
16. S_________ are words which have different forms but similar meanings.
II. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:
( ) 1. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of
sound image and referent.
( ) 2. Chinese is an agglutinating language. ( ) 3. Not all vowels are voiced.
( ) 4. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not
result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.
( ) 5. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.
( ) 6. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. ( ) 7. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of
writing.
( ) 8. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or
future.
( ) 9. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( ) 10. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.
( ) 11. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary
distribution.
( ) 12. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.
( ) 13. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.
( ) 14. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep
contain only one morpheme.
( ) 15. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the
compounds.
III. Multiple Choice
1. _________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
A. Duality B. Arbitrariness C. Creativity D. Displacement
2. Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions
illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday?
A. Ideational function B. Interpersonal function C. Textual function. D. Logical function 3. The study of speech sounds is called ________.
A. Phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Phonology D. Acoustic Phonetics
4. Every syllable has a(n) _______, which is usually a vowel.
A. onset B. nucleus C. coda D. rhyme
5. Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features? A. Stress B. Intonation C. Tone D. Syllable
6. ________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of
words.
A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Lexicon D. Morpheme
7. _____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class. A. Clipping B. Blending C. Eponym D. Conversion
8. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____
morphemes.
A. one B. two C. three D. four
9. Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.
A. minimal pairs B. minimal sets C. allophones D. phones
IV. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) then share:
Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless
1) [g] [z] [d] 2) [v] [h] [s] 3) [m] [p] [b] [f] [v] 4) [t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z] 5) [i:] [i] [u] [u:]
V. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it.
Example: heat [i:] vowel front high a) photo b) write c) car d) actor e) city f) city g) worry h) yes
VI. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. Example: vowel front high [i:]
1 bilabial nasal
2 voiced labiovelar glide 3 literal liquid
4 voiced bilabial stop 5 front high lax
VII. Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the
phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop?
VIII. Consider the following words and answer the questions below:
a) finger b) disgraceful c) stepsister d) psycholinguistics
e) antidisestablishmentarianism i. ii.
IX. Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the
difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.
X. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration:
Allophone
XI. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences:
1. A clever magician fooled the audience. 2. The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind. 3. They can fish.
4. Pat found a book on Wall Street. 5. I saw the man with a telescope.
XII. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.
a. This is a beautiful girl’s dress.
b. Those who went there quickly made a fortune. c. A woman murderer
XIII. Tell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many
Tell the number of morphemes in each word.
Underline the free morphemes in each word where possible to do so.
words as you can that are formed in the same way.
(1) flu (2) OPEC (3) Nobel (4) televise (5) better (v.)
XIV. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?
Column I Column II a. The White House a white house b. a redcoat a red coat a. a bluebird a blue bird
b. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeper
XV. Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial
institute).
XVI. Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences.
(1) John washed the car. (2) John likes the car.
XVII. Answer the following question:
What are the three metafunctions according to Halliday?
注：期末试题题型及分值比率：
I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: 30%
II. Multiple Choice 5%
III. Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two
sentences. 10% IV. Data Analysis: 10%
V. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other
purposes than just stating facts 5%
VI. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration 10%
VII. Give examples to illustrate gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and reversal antonyms 30% VIII. Answer the following questions
二
I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:
( ) 1. Pragmatics is concerned with speaker meaning.
( ) 2. The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed
cataphoric reference.
II. Multiple Choice
1. Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.
A. collocative B. social C. affective D. reflected
2. ______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.
A. Adjacency pairs B. Turn-talking C. Preferred second parts D. Insertion sequences
3. British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language. A. functional B. social C. regional D. standard
4. ______ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in
communication through the target language.
A. Metalanguage B. Interlanguage C. Sign D. Esperanto 5. In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.
A. telegraphic B. two-word C. holophrastic D. babbling
6. ______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”
A. Register B. Field C. Mode D. Tenor
III. Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two
sentences.
II. My uncle is male.
III. The spinster is married.
IV. Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.
V. Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam. VI. He has gone to London. He has gone to England.
IV. Data Analysis:
1. What is the illocution of A’s utterance in the following brief encounter?
A: You are in a non-smoking zone, sir. B: Thanks (extinguishing the cigarette).
2. What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance? (Hint: A and B are two secretaries working in the same office.) A: Are you going to be here long? B: You can go if you like.
A: I’ll just be outside. Call me if you need me. B: OK.
V. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:
1. The room is messy.
2. It would be good if she had a green skirt on
VI. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration:
Variety
VII. Give examples to illustrate gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and
reversal antonyms.
VIII. Answer the following questions: 1. What are the features of metaphors?
2. How do you distinguish homonymy from polysemy?
3. What is reference and what is sense? How are they related? 4. What are the components of metaphor?
5. What is the difference between linguistic competence and communicative
competence?
6. What is the difference between referential meaning and associative meanings of
words?
7. How do you distinguish pidgin from Creole?
8. What are the three dimensions that a speech act consists of? 9. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English? 10. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?
注：期末试题题型及分值比率：
I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: 30%
II. Multiple Choice 5%
III. Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two
sentences. 10% IV. Data Analysis: 10%
V. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other
purposes than just stating facts 5%
VI. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration 10%
VII. Give examples to illustrate gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and reversal antonyms 30% VIII. Answer the following questions
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