一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解
For top students from low-income families, the challenge of applying to colleges is particularly difficult. 1 in 4 deal with all of that—the writing, the studying, the researching and applying—completely on their own. One approach to make this whole process easier? Pair students up with an adviser.
That's the idea behind CollegePoint, an initiative to help gifted students go to schools that match their intellectual(智力的)ability. When a high school student takes a standardized test—the PSAT, SAT or ACT——and they score in the 90th percentile, and their families make less than$80, 000 a year, they get an email from the program offering them a free adviser. The advisers listen, guide and answer students'questions.
Connor Rechtzigel, an adviser in Minnesota, sees the importance of his role, for research shows that low-income students are far more likely to undermatch because they don't think they have what it takes to get in and because many don't even know what schools are out there. He helped high school senior Justice Benjamin, the first in his family to apply to college, think about what his ideal learning experience was. Finally, Justice narrowed in on smaller schools where he could study environmental science and made his final choice：Skidmore College in New York. He felt empowered by the process.
Figuring out how to pay for college is a major part of what, CollegePoint advisers do. Nakhle, an adviser in North Carolina, is working with Hensley, an Ohio high school senior who can't get extra financial help from her family. They spent a lot of time comparing and analyzing her financial-aid award letters, which made her decision much clearer. Finally, the Ohio State University offered an option where she would pay nothing. Staying in-state wasn't her first choice, but it was the best option for her.
（1）What is the second paragraph mainly about? A.How CollegePoint works. B.The goal of CollegePoint. C.Ways to apply for a free adviser. D.The challenge of choosing colleges.
（2）What prevents low-income students from attending proper colleges? A.Overestimating their abilities. B.Knowing little about colleges. C.Lack of enough learning experience. D.Failure to get support from their families.
（3）Why did Hensley finally choose the Ohio State University? A.She didn't want to stay far from home. B.Her favorite major was provided there. C.She would show her talents to the full. D.The university met her financial needs.
（4）What is the best title for the text? A.How to Be a Financial Adviser
B.Steps for Top Students to Select Ideal Colleges C.Advisers Help Poor Students Apply to Suitable Colleges D.CollegePoint—a Program Helping Students Score High 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）D （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款帮助贫困家庭的优秀生申请合适大学的虚拟建议程序。
（1）考查段落大意。根据第二段“That's the idea behind CollegePoint，an initiative to help gifted students go to schools that match their intellectual(智力的)ability. When a high school student takes a standardized test—the PSAT，SAT or ACT——and they score in the 90th percentile，and their families make less than$80，000 a year，they get an email from the program offering them a free adviser. The advisers listen，guide and answer students'questions. ”可知本段讲述了CollegePoint的建议者们对那些大学考试分数过关，但是年收入不到8万美元的家庭提供免费的选择大学方面的指导。可以得知讲述了CollegePoint是如何运作的。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“...，for research shows that low-income students are far more likely to undermatch because they don't think they have what it takes to get in and because many don't even know what schools are out there.”可知研究表明低收入家庭的学生们很可能选择的大学是低匹配的，因为他们不了解大学。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Nakhle，an adviser in North Carolina，is working with Hensley，an Ohio high school senior who can't get extra financial help from her family. They spent a lot of time comparing and analyzing her financial-aid award letters，which made her decision much clearer. Finally，the Ohio State University offered an option where she would pay nothing.”家境贫寒的Hensley和北卡来罗那的建议者一起分析她的经济救助奖项，使得她的大学选择更清晰。可知Hensley选择俄亥俄大学是因为这个大学符合她的经济水平。故选D。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“One approach to make this whole process easier? Pair students up with an adviser.”，以问答形式引出文章主题让申请大学更简单更匹配，可以选择一款帮助贫困家庭的优秀生申请合适大学的虚拟建议程序。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，段落大意和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．阅读理解
While your pet fish may appear to be unaware of your presence, chances are that it knows you extremely well and can probably even identify you from a crowd of human faces!
To test if this was accurate, some scientists decided to study archerfish（喷水鱼）. These animals don't have a sophisticated（复杂的）brain that is necessary to recognize the slight differences between human facial features.
They began by presenting four archerfish with images of two human faces. Initially, the fish spit at both. However, they soon learned spitting water at the one selected by the researchers earned them a food treat. After that, they focused primarily on that image. The researchers then took the experiment one step further by introducing 44 other human faces to the mix.
To the researcher's astonishment, the trained archerfish were able to recall the learned image almost 81% of the time. And this accuracy improved to 86% when the researchers made the identification even harder, by replacing the colored photos with a set of black and white images and hiding the shape of the head.
The results of the study suggest that though having tiny brains, archerfish may have developed high visual discrimination abilities. While it is contrary to the previous theory that a sophisticated brain is necessary to recognize human faces, the researchers believe they do not recognize faces by recalling complex facial information like gender and identity, but more likely by discriminating between detailed patterns. Even so, the fact that these archerfish could “remember” those faces demonstrates that they have an impressive memory for details that lasts much longer than the originally-thought 3 seconds!
This is not the first time researchers have realized how “smart” fish are. Previous studies have shown that fish can recognize those fish they have “socialized” with previously, and even recall complex three-dimensional maps of their surroundings. （1）What is the purpose of the study?
A. To describe archerfish are easy to teach. B. To tell people archerfish like to be rewarded. C. To prove archerfish can recognize human faces. D. To show archerfish can easily develop a habit.
（2）Why did the researchers use black and white images?
A. They could get these images easily. B. Archerfish got tired of color images.
C. They wanted to make the task more difficult. D. These images wouldn't get ruined by water.
（3）What conclusion did researchers draw in the study?
A. Archerfish have a 3-second memory. B. Archerfish could distinguish detailed patterns. C. Archerfish have a special form of communication. D. Archerfish could remember complex facial information.
（4）What can we infer from the text?
A. Fish are social animals. B. Fish are as clever as humans. C. Fish are able to tell different shapes. D. The results shocked the researchers. 【答案】（1）C （2）C （3）B （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家对喷水鱼做的实验，实验表明鱼也很
“聪明”，它们没有复杂的大脑但是却有辨认面孔的能力。
(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段做的“While your pet fish may appear to be unaware of your presence, chances are that it knows you extremely well and can probably even identify you from a crowd of human faces!”和第二段做的“To test if this was accurate, some scientists decided to study archerfish(喷水鱼).”可知这项研究的目的是证明喷水鱼可以认出人脸，故选C。 (2)考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段做的“And this accuracy improved to 86% when the researchers made the identification even harder, by replacing the colored photos with a set of black and white images and hiding the shape of the head.”可知研究人员使用黑白图像是为了增加这项任务的难度，故选C。
(3)考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段做的“Even so, the fact that these archerfish could ‘remember’ those faces demonstrates that they have an impressive memory for details that lasts much longer than the originally- thought 3 seconds!”可推知喷水鱼可以辨别精细的图案，故选B。(4)考查细节理解。根据第四段做的“To the researcher's astonishment, the trained archerfish were able to recall the learned image almost 81% of the time.”可知研究结果令研究人员非常吃惊，故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，根据上下文进行逻辑推理，选出正确答案。
3．阅读理解
The American newspaper has been around for about three hundred years. In 1721, the printer James Franklin, Benjamin's older brother, started the New England Courant, and that was what we might recognize today as a real newspaper. He filled his paper with stories of adventure, articles on art, on famous people, and on all sorts of political subjects.
Three centuries after the appearance of Franklin's Courant, few believe that newspapers in their present printed form will remain alive for long, Newspaper companies are losing advertisers, readers, market value, and in some cases, their sense of purpose at a speed that would not have been imaginable just several years ago. The chief editor of the Times said recently, “At places where they gather, editors ask one another, 'How are you?', as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case.” An article about the newspaper appealed on the website of the Guardian, under the headline “NOT DEAD YET.”
Perhaps not, but the rise of the Internet, which has made the daily newspaper look slow and out of step with the world, has brought about a real sense of death, Some American newspapers have lost 42% of their market value in the past three years. The New York Times Company has seen its stock（股票）drop by 54% since the end of 2004, with much of the loss coming in the past year. A manager at Deutsche Bank suggested that stock - holders sell off their Times stock. The Washington Post Company has prevented the trouble only by changing part of its business to education; its testing and test — preparation service now brings in at least half the company's income,
（1）What can we learn about the New England Courant?
A. It is mainly about the stock market. B. It carries articles by political leaders. C. It marks the beginning of newspapers. D. It remains a successful newspaper in America. （2）What can we infer about the newspaper editors?
A. They often accept readers' suggestions. B. They caw a lot about each other's health. C. They stop doing business with advertisers. D. They face great difficulties in their business. （3）Which of the following found a new way for its development? A. the Washington Post. B. The Guardian. C. The New York Tinier. D. New England Courant. （4）How does the author seem to feel about the future of newspapers”? A. Satisfied. B. Hopeful. C. Surprised. D. Worried. 【答案】（1）C （2）D （3）A （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国报纸的由来，以及现在面临的挑战和做出的调整。
(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“the printer James Franklin, Benjamin's older brother, started the New England Courant, and that was what we might recognize today as a real newspaper.”可知，James Franklin创办的New England Courant就是我们今天所知的真正的报纸，也就标志着美国报业的开始，故选C。
(2)考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Newspaper companies are losing advertisers, readers, market value”可知，报社正在逐渐失去广告商，读者和市场价值，以及后面编辑的话\"At places where they gather, editors ask one another, 'How are you?', as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case.\"，编辑们现在见面聊天的时候都会互相问候“你还好吗”仿佛刚出院或输了一场官司，其实隐含的意思就是因为报纸业的不景气，编辑们现在正面临着困难，所以这个问候应该是你们报社生意怎么样？故选D。
(3)考查细节理解。根据最后一段可知，找到一种新的发展方式的是The Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》。故选A。
(4)考查推理判断。通读全文，作者列举了报业所面临的种种问题，可以判断作者对此很担忧。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．阅读理解
Volunteer Opportunities
Ring the bells
The Salvation Army needs bell ringers for its annual Red Kettle Christmas Campaign. Two hour shifts begin on Nov.12 and run Mondays through Saturdays. Volunteers can contact Jim Evers at **************************.orgorat764-0962,orsignuponlineatringbels.org.
Read to children
Join the United Way and Child Care Aware in supporting the development and learning of young children. Volunteers are needed to spend 30 minutes a week reading to children and guiding related activities using literacy kits（识字工具包）provided by Childcare Aware of Eastern Kansas .A two-hour literacy training will be provided. To ensure continuity for the children in the program, we are asking that volunteers make a six-month commitment. Please contactShellyat865-5030,**************************************. Garden with a neighbor
Douglas Country Housing Inc. is looking for volunteers to assist a senior man in need of help with an overgrown garden before winter arrives. One to two hours of your time will make a huge difference in someone's quality of life. No previous gardening experience is required. Please e-************************************. Feed your friends
Just food fights hunger in our community. Help Just Food kick off the holiday season by packing. Thanksgiving meal boxes for families in need. Every year Just Food provides Thanksgiving meals to families in Douglas Country that will otherwise go without. Your help is needed for distributing these meals in advance of Thanksgiving. Help is needed on the following days and times: 9 a. m. –7 p. m. Monday, Nov. 21. 9 a. m. –7 p. m. Tuesday, Nov. 22.
The maximum number of volunteers is 15 at a time. To sign up, click here. （1）What should people do if they choose to read to children? A. Get trained. B. Make a plan.
C. Promise to teach devotedly. D. Work 30 minutes a day. （2）If you like to help with gardening, you can get in touch with ________. A. They take place on holiday. B. They can be reached by phone. C. They are about seeking volunteers. D. They need some experience. （3）What do the four activities have in common?
A. They take place on holiday. B. They can be reached by phone. C. They are about seeking volunteers. D. They need some experience. 【答案】（1）A （2）B （3）C
【解析】【分析】这是一篇应用文。本文主要介绍了四个志愿者的工作机会。并且详细的介绍了每项工作的具体内容，工作时间，联系方式等。
（1）考查细节理解题。由文中Read to children部分中的A two-hour literacy training will be provided可知，如果选择给孩子们读书就要接受一个小时的培训，故答案选A。
（2）考查细节理解题。由文Garden with a neighbor部分中的 Please e-mail ******************or call 842-1533.可知，如果你想在园艺方面做志愿者，可以发邮件或者打电话联系。故答案选B。
（3）考查推理判断题。这四项工作后面都留有联系方式，可知他们都是想招募志愿者。C选项正确。
【点评】英语阅读理解细节题具体方法与步骤：
①排除干扰项 ，突出主题。事实细节题的设计干扰项一般都是某一细节的错误叙述与论断，可先排除干扰项。
② 按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词，如for example，first，second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。
③ 快速通篇跳读，自左至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。
④注意识别指代词语。为避免重复，文章中对多次提及的事物或现象会使用不同的词语，如同义词、近义词、代词等。
5．阅读理解
Finding true love can be prey tough for a lot of people, but a lady from a fairly well-known San Francisco advertising agency seems to think money helps. She is offering $10,000 to any of her friends who can introduce her to her Mr. Right. She wants to find her future husband through this way.
The unnamed husband seeker who sent out the email had just finished reading the best-selling book named Lean In. It was 11 p.m. on a Sunday night and she realized this was the second self-help book she had read in the month. She was still single. Things were not looking fine, but there was hope for her still. If the book had taught her anything, it was that she needed to take a more positive role in finding love. After all, if she wanted to get a better job, she wouldn't just sit outside an employer's building and wait for someone to offer it to her, so why should finding a husband be any different? But instead of going out and meeting new people she decided to write an email to all her friends, offering to give them $10,000 on her wedding day if any of them managed to introduce her to her future husband.
“I am writing you today because I've decided to make an aggressive action plan on finding the man that I get to hang out with forever,” the woman writes in her email. “Introducing me to my husband is just not high on your to-do list. But I think I have an idea that might change that…” You guessed it, and this is where she offers to reward her “closest friends” with cold hard cash. “I will personally give ten thousand dollars to the friend who introduces me to my husband.” Here is how the program works:
Step 1: You set me up on a date with a man. Step 2: I marry that man.
Step 3: I give you $10,000 on my wedding day.
I know you're thinking that this is nuts. Just plain crazy. 'You can find a husband without giving $10,000.' Well for starters, thank you! I'm happy.”
（1）What does the lady offer $10,000 to any of her friends for?
A. Celebrating the fact that she has made a decision to find a husband. B. Checking the power of money among her circle of friends.
C. Encouraging her friends to help find her Mr. Right. D. Sharing her happiness of having found true love.
（2）What does the underlined word “nuts” mean in the last paragraph?
A. delicious B. sensible C. angry D. foolish （3）What's the purpose of the author's mentioning getting a better job in Paragraph 2? A. To stress the importance of finding a good job. B. To stress the importance of taking a positive attitude.
C. To show that waiting patiently is necessary to get a job. D. To state that we need to be patient before a job is offered.
（4）What kind of person do you think the lady is?
A. Adventurous B. Imaginative C. Considerate D. Polite 【答案】（1）C （2）D （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。有一位女士为了找到一个丈夫，她许诺谁给她找到了Mr. Right.就给谁$10,000。人们认为她是“傻的”，没有给$10,000也能找到一个丈夫。 (1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“She is offering $10,000 to any of her friends who can introduce her to her Mr. Right.”可知这位女士是为了鼓励朋友们帮助她找到她的Mr. Right.故选C。
(2)考查词义猜测。根据“I give you $10,000 on my wedding day.”和根据最后一段中的“I know you're thinking that this is nuts. Just plain crazy. 'You can find a husband without giving $10,000.' Well for starters, thank you! I'm happy.”这位女士给帮助她找到丈夫的人$10,000。这就是了。没有给$10,000.也能找到一个丈夫。由此推知划线词的意思是“愚蠢的，傻的”。故选D。 (3)考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“If the book had taught her anything, it was that she needed to take a more positive role in finding love. After all, if she wanted to get a better job, she wouldn't just sit outside an employer's building and wait for someone to offer it to her, so why should finding a husband be any different?”可知提到一份好工作的目的是强调态度积极的重要性，故选B。
(4)考查推理判断。通读全文，我们可以知道这位女士为了找到一位丈夫，而付出一万美元，谁能帮她找到丈夫，谁就能得到这笔钱。这说明她是一个敢于冒险的人。故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息。并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
6．阅读理解
Nowadays, especially in China, everything seems to favor social intercourse(社交) , such as gatherings of friends, KTV, group travel, dining tighter, playing cards and Mahjong, plus the Chinese-style \" street-crossing group.\" Back home, discussions can still be boisterously carried on within the \"circle of friends\" of WeChat.
However, these scenes cannot always ease a sense of loneliness. Zhu Ziqing, a well-known professor of Tsinghua University, signed with emotion: \"My loneliness increases as scene becomes much busier.\" One popular song today is also called \"A lonely man in crowds.\" Actually,
engaging in social intercourse requires ability, while being alone involves the whole character. These days, it is not easy to calm down totally and return to one's true self. Willpower, intellect and discipline are required. Einstein said: \"It is not your working time but your spare time that determines the possibility of whether you will be successful or not.\" The \"spare time\" he referred to could be taken as \"spending time by yourself.\"
Lonely life could be either dull, boring and tasteless or abundant, interesting and colorful, depending on one's quality, ambition and inspiration.
Just as the body constantly requires energy, the mind and soul also demand never stopping inputs. However,information, processed and integrated (融入) into knowledge, thoughts and feelings, instead of bustle (忙碌) seems to be the right condition. Successful careers m all walks of life worldwide have proved that \"the soul grows in peace and talent is nurtured in loneliness\". In a sense, it may be reasonable to say that \" Happiness tends to be shallow while loneliness involves depth\".
Man, in fact, needs loneliness more than happy time, and only abundant loneliness can produce quality happiness.
（1）Which of the following can replace the underlined the word \"boisterously\" in paragraph l? A. surprisingly B. sadly C. busily D. peacefully （2）What can we infer from the second paragraph?
A. Being alone marks people depressed. B. Social intercourse improves our happiness. C. One may feel lonely even when surrounded by people. D. We should attend social intercourse to decrease our loneliness.
（3）What can we know from Einstein's words?
A. You should be successful if you spend all your time by yourself. B. You should exercise more if you want to keep your minds healthy.
C. You will not become successful if you join in more social intercourse. D. You will be more successful if you can make your lonely time meaningful. （4）Which may be the best title for this passage?
A. Live on Your Own B. Happiness and Loneliness C. The Secret of Success D. Practice Your Social Ability 【答案】（1）C （2）C （3）D （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是议论文。主要讨论了在现今社会中很多的社会往活动在进行中，人们看似很幸福。然而，一切都掩盖不了人们在这些幸福场景背后倍感孤独的社会现象。 （1）考查词意猜测题。根据第一段可知，如今，尤其是在中国，一切都似乎有利于社会交往，如朋友聚会、KTV、团体旅游、餐饮更紧，打牌和麻将，加上中式“过街组”。可以猜测出下文：回到家中仍然忙着在微信上讨论。所以划线词boisterously的意思是“忙的”，故选C。
（2）考查推理判断题。根据第二段第一句，也是主题句However, these scenes cannot always ease a sense of loneliness.以及A lonely man in crowds.”可知，一个人就算被人包围着
也可能感到孤独。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解题。根据第三段Einstein said: “It is not your working time but your spare time that determines the possibility of whether you will be successful or not.”（ 爱因斯坦说：“不是你的工作时间，而是你的业余时间决定了你是否成功的可能性。）可知，如果你能让寂寞的时间更有意义，你会更成功。故选D。
（4）考查标题判断题。本文主要讨论了在现今社会中很多的社会往活动在进行中，人们看似很幸福。然而，一切都掩盖不了人们在这些幸福场景背后倍感孤独的社会现象。所以最佳标题是B. Happiness and Loneliness，故选B. 【点评】寻找文章的主题句
了解文章主要论题的关键是找到全文的主题句。主题句通常在文章首段，但是也可能在文章的末段、在文章的某一段落，或者分散在文章的各个段落中。如果每个段落都有主题句，那么把各段落的主题句的中心思想集中起来，即为全文的主题句。
7．阅读理解
Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.
As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separation. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friend die.
Pigs respond meaningful to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O's. Then the team switched from real-life objects to T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs walked only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not inconsiderable feat of reasoning.
I've been guilty of prejudiced expectations, myself. At the start of my career almost four decades ago, I was firmly convinced that monkeys and apes out-think and out-feel other animals. They're other primates(灵长目动物), after all, animals from our own mammalian(哺乳动物的) class. Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, whales too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a viewpoint shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedure kin laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.
Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chickens, pigs, goats, and cows, I started to wonder: Will the new science of \"food animals\" bring an ethical (伦理的) revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will our ethics start to catch up with the development of our science?
Animal activists are already there, of course, committed to not eating these animals. But what
about the rest of us? Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make changes in who we eat?
（1）According to Annie Potts, hens have the ability of_____________.
A. interaction B. analysis C. creation D. abstraction （2）The research into pigs shows that pigs___________. A. learn letters quickly B. have a good eyesight
C. can build up a good relationship D. can apply knowledge to new situations （3）Paragraph 4 is mainly about________.
A. the similarities between mammals and humans B. the necessity of long-term studies on mammals
C. a change in people's attitudes towards animals D. a discovery of how animals express themselves
（4）What might be the best title for the passage?
A. The Inner Lives of Food Animals B. The Lifestyles of Food Animals C. Science Reports on Food Animals D. A Revolution in Food Animals 【答案】（1）B （2）D （3）C （4）A
【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了我们原来当作食物的动物实际上也有情感有思想，它们有一定的分析推理能力。人类不应只将它们当作食物。
（1）推理判断题。由第二段中的“When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate food reward for a slightly later (and better) one”可知，当解决问题时，母鸡们会推理：例如，受过挑选彩色纽扣的训练的母鸡们有时会选择放弃即时的食物奖励，换取稍晚一些(而且更好)的食物奖励。由此可知，母鸡们具备分析能力。故B选项正确。
（2）推理判断题。由第三段中的“Pigs respond meaningful to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O's. Then the team switched from real-life objects to T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs walked only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not inconsiderable feat of reasoning.”可知，一些研究者拿着带X标记的木板，一些研究者拿着带O标记的木板，只有拿带O标记木板的研究者给猪提供食物，猪很快就只理会这些研究者了。当木板换成带X和O标记的衬衫时，猪仍然只走向那些穿带O标记衬衫的研究者。这表明猪将把知识转移到了二维的形式，这是一种相当大的推理壮举。结合选项，D选项正确。
（3）段落大意题。由第四段中的“At the start of my career almost four decades ago, I was firmly convinced that monkeys and apes out-think and out-feel other animals...Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, whales too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term
studies…helped to fuel a viewpoint shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedure kin laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.”可知，数十年前，作者坚信猴子和猩猩在思考能力和情感上都胜过其他的动物。很快，作者就意识到除了猴子和猩猩，鲸鱼也是文化学习的主人，大象也表现出高兴等情感。长期的研究也促进着我们社会观点的转变：我们不再认为猴子只能是实验室里的实验对象，大象只能在马戏团里进行表演，海豚只能被养在主题公园狭小的池子里。很明显，本段介绍的是人们对动物看法的转变。故C选项正确。
（4）标题归纳题。第一段提出：科学开始拥抱原来被我们认为是二等公民的动物们（即：我们对某些动物的看法正在发生变化）。第二和第三段以母鸡和猪为例告诉读者：通过科学研究，母鸡和猪也具备情感，也具备分析推理能力。第四段介绍了人们对动物看法的转变。第五和第六段呼吁读者：动物有自己的情感和思想，我们不要只将动物当成我们的食物。结合每段大意可知，该文主要是围绕动物也有情感有思想来展开的。故A选项适合做该文标题。
【点评】文章标题解题技巧：（1）要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；（2）再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；（3）要注意题目是过大还是过小；（4）要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。
8．阅读理解
The Women's Institute is urging supermarkets to do more to help consumers reduce their home food waste, after a survey of its own membership showed widespread confusion about “best before” and “use by” labeling(标签) on packaging.
Its new analysis of products on supermarket shelves found that “once-opened” instructions were often contradictory and often failed to make clear whether they were a guide to food safety or quality. Only 45% of 5,000 WI members surveyed understood that best-before dates were a sign of food quality, while 26% did not understand that the more important use-by dates were a decisive guide to food safety.
In its report on food waste, the WI said supermarkets were “potentially contributing to home food waste by leading customers to buy more food than they need, and giving conflicting and confusing on-pack information that leaves customers unsure about how long a product remains safe to eat in the home setting”. The 42-page report is part of the WI's ongoing campaign to reduce food waste. To underline the point about conflicting information, it cites(引用) a can of Sainsbury's own-brand sweetcorn advising consumers to eat it within one day of opening, while a similar tin from Waitrose gave consumers two days to finish it. Green Giant sweetcorn, however, has no specified date for eating once opened.
Marylyn Haines Evans, chair of the Women's Institute's public affairs said: “WI members are some of the more informed members of society about food and cookery, but they are still
confused about food labelling and 'once-opened' information. So we would like supermarkets to extend the amount of time that consumers have to use a product in their homes by making all of their once-opened instructions on product packaging consistent, and completely remove once-opened instructions on products where food safety is not an issue.” （1）What mainly leads to food waste according to WI?
A. Poor quality of food. B. Attractive packaging of products.
C. Competition among supermarkets. D. Consumers' confusion about on-pack information. （2）Which of the following can inform you of food safety?
A. B.
C. D.
（3）Why are the three supermarkets mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A. To attract more consumers. B. To compare their products. C. To comment on their service. D. To make WI's report convincing. （4）What does Evans suggest supermarkets do about reducing food waste?
A. Extend life of a product. B. Turn to well-informed WI members. C. Give consistent once-opened instructions. D. Remove instructions on product packaging. 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）D （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文主要讲述了妇女机构强烈建议超市采取帮助消费者减少食物浪费的措施，比如延长消费者在家中使用产品的时间，使他们所有曾经打开的关于产品包装的说明一致。
（1）细节理解题。根据第二段\"Only 45% of 5,000 WI members surveyed understood that best-before dates were a sign of food quality, while 26% did not understand that the more important use-by dates were a decisive guide to food safety.\"可知，消费者对于食品包装上信息的混淆是导致食物浪费的原因。故选D。
（2）细节理解题。根据第二段\"while 26% did not understand that the more important use-by dates were a decisive guide to food safety.\"可知，use by信息才是食品安全的决定性指导因素。故选C。
（3）细节理解题。根据第三段\"To underline the point about conflicting information, it cites(引用) a can of Sainsbury's own-brand sweetcorn\"可知，引用超市的例子是为了更好的说明这一问题，即使文章更具说服力。故选D。
（4）细节理解题。根据最后一段\"we would like supermarkets to extend the amount of time that consumers have to use a product in their homes by making all of their once-opened instructions on product packaging consistent,\"可知，为了减少食物浪费，超市可通过使包装带上的信息一致来达到这一目的。故选C。
9．阅读理解
I'm not much of a gardener. I love having beautiful flowers-but I don't have a good track record when it comes to making them grow.
A few months after our son left for the Middle East, my friend gifted me a box of tulip bulbs (郁金香球茎). She explained that these bulbs were put into the ground in the fall and lay sleeping all winter. They had all the nutrients they needed inside the bulb and would come out in the spring. ''When you see the leaves of the tiny flowers pushing toward the sun, you'll know that it's almost time for your son to come home. They'll give you what you need most.'' She walked me through the process of planting them. I thanked her — trying to show my gratitude for her gift.
It was a long winter — cold and dark. I endured both the weather and the loneliness and fear I felt with my son away. Dead leaves, frost and finally a heavy snow covered the area where I'd planted those flowers, and I soon forgot they were there.
Finally the weather began to warm. One day, as I walked down my front steps, I noticed an area of green. I bent down to inspect the situation more clearly and saw that those tulips had begun to grow, their tiny leaves forcing their way to the sun.
Day after day I noted the flowers' progress. And day after day, the time approached when my son would finally be home. Now with spring just around the corner, nothing could keep either of us from marching toward the light. Almost all of those bulbs bloomed. And with each brightly colored flower, I marked off one day closer to getting to hold my son in my arms again. （1）What can we know about the author? A.She is a professional gardener. B.She is not good at growing flowers. C.She never plants flowers at home. D.She often sends friends flowers as gifts.
（2）Why did the writer forget the tulip bulbs soon? A.The bitter winter reminded her of her son far away. B.She was discouraged from making another attempt. C.They failed to live through the cold and long winter. D.She had no hope for beautiful flowers indeed.
（3）What were those flowers mentioned in the last paragraph referred to?
A.A physical representation of the hope. B.Things deep inside her heart and soul. C.A lesson she will never forget completely. D.The trouble she had in making them come out. （4）What can be a suitable title for the text? A.A dark winter with hope. B.Planting hope in winter. C.An area of green in spring. D.Living a changeable life. 【答案】 （1）B （2）D （3）A （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者的儿子去了中东，作者感到孤独和寂寞。一位朋友送来了一盒郁金香球茎，这种花的种植，给作者带来了希望。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“I'm not much of a gardener. I love having beautiful flowers-but I don't have a good track record when it comes to making them grow.”我不是个好园丁，我喜欢漂亮的花，但我在种植方面没有良好的记录，可知，作者虽然喜欢花，但不擅长种花。故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“It was a long winter — cold and dark …Dead leaves, frost and finally a heavy snow covered the area where I'd planted those flowers, and I soon forgot they were there.”那是一个漫长的冬天——又冷又黑……枯叶、霜和最后那场雪覆盖了我种那些花的地方，我很快救忘记了它们的存在，可知，冬天很冷、很长，故推测作者忘记它们是因为觉得它们熬不过这个冬天，即没对它们抱有希望。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Day after day I noted the flowers' progress. And day after day, the time approached when my son would finally be home. ”我日复一日的关注这花的成长。一天又一天我的儿子终于要回家了；以及“And with each brightly colored flower, I marked off one day closer to getting to hold my son in my arms again. ”每开一朵色彩鲜艳的花，都标志着我离再次把儿子抱在怀里的日子又近了一天，可知，每开一朵花就代表作者儿子的归来近了一天，即花就是儿子回来的希望。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“She explained that these bulbs were put into the ground in the fall and lay sleeping all winter. They had all the nutrients they needed inside the bulb and would come out in the spring. ''When you see the leaves of the tiny flowers pushing toward the sun, you'll know that it's almost time for your son to come home. ”她说这些郁金香球茎秋天种下，整个冬天都在土里。它们的球茎内有生长所需的营养物质，到了春天的就会从土里出来。当你看到这些小花的叶子朝着太阳的方向生长时，你就知道你的儿子差不多该回家了，可知，本文主要讲述了冬天种下的郁金香球茎在春天会长出来，这也意味着作者的儿子快要回来，即花代表着作者儿子回来的希望。B故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答
案。
10．阅读理解
Some people sit outside for hours without getting bitten by mosquitoes, but it always seems like you're being eaten alive within minutes of stepping outdoors.
If this is you, you're not alone. According to Smithsonian Magazine, around 20 percent of people in the world are especially tasty to mosquitoes. What about these people makes mosquitoes' mouths water?
A popular myth claims that mosquitoes prefer certain blood types, but the fact is that they simply can't tell what your blood type is from a faraway place. Jonathon Day, a professor of medical entomology (昆虫学) at the University of Florida in the US, told NBC it's not complicated. \"The two most important reasons a mosquito is attracted to you have to do with sight and smell.\" Mosquitoes are especially active in the late afternoon. While flying along, they use their sense of smell to find possible targets. They find victims (攻击对象) by smelling the carbon dioxide (CO2) breathed out by humans and animals. That's why you commonly find them in crowded streets and parks.
Joop van Loon, an entomologist at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, told Live Science, \"Mosquitoes start orienting (使......朝向) themselves to carbon dioxide and keep flying upwind as they sense higher concentrations (浓度).\"
As a result, people who simply exhale (呼出) more of the gas over time – generally, larger people – have been shown to attract more mosquitoes than others. \"This is why kids don't get bitten as much ... as adults,\" US professor Ted Rosen told Science Alert.
This love for CO2 can also put pregnant women at increased risk for mosquito bites, as they tend to exhale 21 percent more CO2 than people of the same age and size who aren't pregnant. In addition to carbon dioxide, the color of the clothes you wear also plays a role in attracting mosquitoes.
According to Live Science, mosquitoes can lock onto targets from up to 50 meters away. At this distance, what we wear has a huge effect. Due to their vision (视觉), people wearing dark colors are more likely to become targets.
Being bitten by mosquitoes is annoying, but don't worry. Some simple tips can help ward them off. Scientists recommend that we use insect repellent (驱虫剂) and wear light-colored clothing. （1）How do mosquitoes locate their targets, according to the article? A.By seeking out bright clothes. B.By identifying different blood types. C.By sensing an increase of carbon dioxide. D.By following bigger crowds.
（2）Why are pregnant women more likely to be bitten by mosquitoes? A.Their larger size helps mosquitoes to see them. B.They breathe out more CO2. C.They are more likely to sweat. D.Their body temperatures are higher.
（3）How does the article advise you to avoid mosquitoes? A.Exercise regularly. B.Wear light-colored clothing. C.Keep your skin dry and clean. D.Stay indoors in the evening.
（4）What's the article mainly about? A.A new finding about mosquitoes. B.How people can avoid mosquito bites. C.A popular myth about mosquitoes.
D.Why some people are more attractive to mosquitoes than others. 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）B （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了为什么有些人可以整个夏天坐在户外乘凉却不被蚊子叮咬，而有些人一出门就好像要被蚊子吃掉一样。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“While flying along, they use their sense of smell to find possible targets. They find victims by smelling the carbon dioxide (CO2) breathed out by humans and animals. ”飞的时候，它们用嗅觉发现目标。它们通过闻人和动物呼出的二氧化碳来锁定目标；以及第五段中的“Mosquitoes start orienting themselves to carbon dioxide and keep flying upwind as they sense higher concentrations”蚊子开始飞向有二氧化碳的地方，当它们感知到高浓度的二氧化碳时，就保持逆流飞行，可知，蚊子通过感知二氧化碳的增加来锁定目标。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第七段“This love for CO2 can also put pregnant women at increased risk for mosquito bites, as they tend to exhale 21 percent more CO2 than people of the same age and size who aren't pregnant.”对二氧化碳的喜欢使得孕妇很容易被蚊子咬，因为她们比正常相同年龄，相同体型的人呼出多余21%的二氧化碳，可知，孕妇呼出更多的二氧化碳，所以更招蚊子咬。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Scientists recommend that we use insect repellent and wear light-colored clothing.”科学家建议我们使用驱虫剂或者穿浅颜色的衣服。可知，文章建议我们可以通过穿浅色衣服来避免蚊子叮咬。故选B。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“According to Smithsonian Magazine, around 20 percent of people in the world are especially tasty to mosquitoes. What about these people makes mosquitoes' mouths water?”根据Smithsonian杂志，世界上大约20%的人容易招蚊子咬。为什么这些人非常吸引蚊子呢？可知，本文探讨的话题是：为什么一些人比其他人更容易招蚊子。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
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