大学英语语法-否定

一．否定式的构成 1 类型 陈述句的否定 构成方式 在助动词、情态动词和be（是）前加not 除be以外的动词的一般现在时前加do或does 除be以外的动词的一般现在时前加did 2 3 祈使句的否定 在动词前加don’t 例句 He is not friendly. 他不友好。 He has not been busy these days. 他最近不忙。 They don’t know what to do. 他们不知道该做什么。 He didn’t want to go alone. 他不想独自去。 Don’t tell him about it. 别把这事告诉他。 非谓语动not置于不定式、动名词、He was told not to go there. 告诉他别去那里。 词的否定 分词前 There is no arguing with them. 没法和他们争论。 二．否定的分类

1 2 分类 完全否定 部分否定 说明 用no, not, never, nowhere, none, nobody, nothing, neither, nor等表示 表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词如all, absolutely, both, always, altogether, completely, entirely, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere, every, everybody, many, whole, often, wholly等与not搭配使用, 意为“并非都是，不全是，不是每个都是”等 not/ no +其他否定的词形成“否定+否定=肯定”的语言效果，以表示强调或委婉含义 例句 He had nothing to do there. 在那里他无事可做。 Not everything pleases him. 并不是每件事都让他开心。 Not all of you are right. 你们并不都正确。 3 4 5 双重否定 One can not live without water. 没有水人不能生存。 几乎否定scarcely, barely, few, hardly, little, rarely，He got little chance. 他几乎（半否定） seldom等本身含有否定意义，表示几乎否定 没有机会。 转移否定 否定出现在主句谓语动词部分，但否定的不是谓语动词本身，而是句子的其他成分 转移否定多用于表示判断看法之类的动词如anticipate , believe, expect, figure(想象), hope, imagine, reckon(认为), suppose, think等 I don’t think she will win. 我认为她赢不了。 I don’t suppose they will help us. 我认为他们不会帮我们。 appear, feel, look like, seem, sound as if等表It doesn’t look like raining. 示感觉的系动词，通常也用于转移否定句型 好像不会下雨。 当主句的表语是表示“信念、观点、愿望”It is not my hope that you 等名词如belief, expectation, hope, opinion, should leave. 我希望你不thought, view, wish等时，主句中的否定词实要走。 际上否定的是同位语从句的谓语 根据上下文或语调来确定否定的范围和否定的焦点 I didn’t leave home because I was afraid of my father. 我离开家，但并不是由于害怕父亲。（也可能意为：因为我害怕父亲，所以我没离开家。）

三．含有否定意义的前缀和后缀

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 四．具有否定含义的词语 1 分类 具有否定意义的动词及短语动词 例词 例句 argue … out of, avoid, decline, doubt, Work helps prevent one from deny, do away with, escape, fail, forget, getting old. 工作使人不至于变ignore, keep … from, lose, miss, 老。 neglect, pass, prevent … from, refuse, stop, suspend, wonder absent, bad, clear from, false, far from, The film is far from interesting. free from, gone, last, poor, rare, safe 这部电影一点也没有趣。 from, short of, strange, thin, wrong, negative absence, avoidance, denial, failure, Since the moon lacks an 含否定意义的前缀 ab- anti- counter- de- dis- il- im- in- ill- ir- mis- non- un- under- 含否定意义的后缀 -less -free -proof abnormal (a.反常的) antisocial(a. 反社会的), antinovel(n. 反传统小说) counteraction(n. 反作用), countermeasure(n. 反措施) decentralization (n.权利下放), deform(v.变形) disbelieve(v.不信), dishonest(a.不诚实的) illiterate(a.文盲的), illegal(a.非法的) impossible(a.不可能), imbalance(n.不平衡) inactive(a.不活跃的), inadequacy(n.不充分) Ill-being(n.不幸), ill-mannered(a.无礼貌的) irresponsible(a.不负责任的), irrational(a.无理性的) misbehave(v.举止不检点), mismanagement(n.管理不善) nonviolence(n.非暴力), noncooperation(n.不合作) unaffected(a.不受影响的), unlike(a.不相似的) underdeveloped(a.不发达的), undernourished(a.营养不足的) 例词 childless(a.无子女的), careless(a.粗心的) ice-free (a.不结冰的), duty free (a.免税的) water-proof(a.防水的), soundproof(a.隔音的) 例词 2 具有否定意义的形容词（短语） 具有否定意3 义的名词（短语） 4 具有否定意义的介词（短语） lack, loss, neglect, negation, prevention, atmosphere, weathering did not opposite occur there. 既然月球没有大气层，那里就不会发生风化。 above, against, at fault, at a loss, at sea, away from, before, behind, but for, beyond, except, instead of, in the dark, in vain, off, out of, out of the question, past, regardless of, until, without But for his help, we could not have finished the task on time. 如果不是他的帮助，我们是无法按时完成任务的。 5 表示“更不用说„„”的几个短语 具有否定意义的句型 much / still / even less, let alone, to say She’s too ill to get out of bed, let nothing of, not to speak of, not to alone go shopping. 她并得很mention, without mentioning 重，起不了床，更不用说去买东西了。 more than, too … to, not so much … as, It’s a beautiful dress but it’s know better than to do much more than I can afford. 这条裙子很漂亮，但我买不起。 6 五．几组容易引起混淆的否定结构 1 否定结构 no more than not more than 2 意义 例句 至多，不超过，仅It’s no more than a mile to the station. 到车站至多仅，强调数量之少 一英里的路程。（有嫌“短”的意思） 不超过，一般地说明数量少 It’s no more than a mile to the station. 到车站只有一英里的路程。 no more (…) 同„一样不，含有Mike is no more diligent than Jack. 麦克和杰克一than 消极、否定的意思 样不用功。 not more (…) 不比„更，含有积Mike is not more diligent than Jack. 麦克不如杰克than 极、肯定的意思 用功。 3 no less than 不下于„„之多，No less than 70 passengers were injured in the 强调数量比想象accident. 这次事故中受伤人数不下70。 的多 至少，即该数是最低数，也许可以更多些 只不过是，只是 根本不，决不 简单的否定式 否定意义极强 They were asked to write a composition of not less than 150 words. 要求他们写一篇字数不少于150字的文章。 They did nothing but complain. 他们只是抱怨。 The film is anything but interesting. 这部电影一点都不有趣。 He is not an artist. 他不是画家。 He is no artist. 他决非画家。/他哪里是什么画家? （即：他不具备画画的素质） not less than 4 nothing but anything but 5 not＋a (any)＋名词 no＋名词 六．具有肯定意义的否定短语或句型 短语或句型 例句 1 2 cannot … too … 意为“无论怎You cannot be too careful with them. 和他们交往，样„„也不为过分，越„„越好” 再怎么小心都不为过。 cannot … over+动词意为“无论怎样„„也不为过分，越„„越好” The importance of this project cannot be over- emphasized. 无论怎样强调这一工程的重要性都不过分。 3 cannot but（后接原形动词），cannot I could not but admit that they were right. 我不得keep from, cannot refrain from和不承认他们是对的。 have no choice but to 意为“不得不，不能不，不禁要” nothing but与none but意为“除„„之外，只有，仅仅，只不过” None but he would have been capable of such patience. 只有他才有这样的耐心。 4 5 nothing else than意为“仅仅，完全，The accident was due to nothing else than his own 正是”；nothing less than意为“正好carelessness. 这次事故完全是由于他的粗心。 是，完全是” more often than not和as often as not意为“往往，多半” When it’s foggy the trains are late more often than not. 有雾的时候，火车往往晚点。 6 7 8 9 否定词 + but-分句，其中but为关系Not a day went by but that the old man thought of 副词，意为“都，没有„„不„„” his childhood. 老人没有一天不想起童年时代的。 否定词 + 形容词或副词比较级 + I can’t agree with you more. 我完全同意你的意than，表示肯定 见。 can’t do better than 意为“再好不过” For this part of the project I can’t do better than have resort to that company. 就这项工程来说，找那家公司是再好不过的了。 He didn’t arrive at the station until the train had left. 直到火车开走了他才赶到车站。 The game had hardly begun when it started to rain. 比赛刚开始，天就开始下雨了。 10 否定词 + till, until, unless, before等，意为“直到„才” 11 hardly, scarcely或barely后面接when (或before)意为“刚„就„”