（1）主语+谓语（不及物动词） S+V
The sun rises. The birds fly. （2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 S+V+O
I love you. I miss you. （3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语 S+V+O+C They painted the wall pink. Her boyfriend makes her cry.
（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 S+V+IO+O （人间物直） S+V+O+IO
She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought his girlfriend a rose.
（5）主语+系动词+表语 S+V+P
两类系动词：①be动词，look, feel, taste, smell等表示情况的一类动词； ②get, turn, become, grow, go等表示变化的一类动词； 六变become, grow, turn, go, fall, get 五感look, sound, smell, feel, taste 一好像seem
The weather becomes warmer and warmer. Her face turned red. 二、并列句
简单句+并列连词+简单句 三、复合句
复合句（complex sentences）由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。 复合句分为：定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句 第一章 主语 2. 不可数名词
通常是物质名词或者抽象名词，其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加
the.
不可数名词的量主要有以下两种表示方法：
①用some/ any/ a bit of/ a little of/ much/a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of/ a great deal of等表示多少
②用单位词an item of/ an article of/ a bar of/ a pair of等表示多少 an item of news/ an article of furniture/ a bar of chocolate/a pair of shoes
名词在翻译中遇到的问题：
不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式： eg：water＆waters（水域、海洋）， sand＆sands（沙滩）， （二）代词
一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别： （1）all, each, every：
① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体； each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体； ② all和every侧重整体，each侧重个体；
eg：Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.
Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each. （2）everyone＆every one
everyone等同于everybody，all people ，指的是所有的人； every one既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用every one of ； （3）no one＆none
no one 只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，none后面还可以接of；
It作形式主语的几种情况：
1. that从句可置于句首，但更常见的是，其置于句末，而形式主语 it 置于句首：常见主语从句句型：
1）It is + 过去分词 + that从句 It’s reported that … It’s believed that …
It’s generally thought that … It must be pointed that … It has been found that … It should be noted that …
2）It is + 形容词 + that 从句
It is clear that … It is possible that … It is certain that … It is natural that … It is strange that … It is likely that … It is necessary that …
It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3）It is + 名词短语 + that 从句 It is a pity that … It is a good thing that … It is a fact that …
It is good news that … …真是件好事 It is my belief that …
It is a shame that …遗憾的是...
It is a miracle that … It is common knowledge that …
4) It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 It seems that … It happens that … It turns out that …
It follows that … 因此...由此可见... It comes about that … 结果是… 5) 其他结构
It occurs to sb. that … 某人突然想起... It makes no difference that … ...无所谓 It is of little consequence that … ...无关紧要 第二章 谓语
关于谓语，我们要掌握的六个方面：时态，语态，倒装，强调，情态动词以及语气. 一般过去时 （1）used to + do
“过去常常”，表示过去习惯性的动作或状态， 但如今已不存在； 2）be/get used to + doing
对……已感到习惯，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词； 3）be used to do/use sth. to do sth. 被用来做…… 一般将来时
be about to + do ：意为马上做某事，后面不接表示时间的副词或其它时间状语 eg： It seems that the old days of economic decline would be about to return.
注意：在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来；
eg：It won’t be long before the rain stops. 现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算……； I’m spending my holidays in Paris this year. 现在进行时
短暂性动词come, go, leave, start, arrive等用现在进行时态表示将来 eg. Jay is arriving at Zhengzhou.
②表示感官、感情色彩的动词不能用于进行时态，如：see, hear, like, love, hate, want等
③have 当“拥有”讲时没有进行时态
④为了更为生动、形象地描述图画，也常用现在进行时
eg. Look at the picture! The boy is chatting on the internet excitingly!
现在完成时*用于现在完成时的句型
（1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
（2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing. since和for的用法
since 说明动作起始时间接一个时间点如出现时间段，则在时间段后加ago过去完成时
for说明动作延续时间长度多接一段时间 在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
eg. She found the necklace that she had lost.
(4)过去完成时常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 eg. My student said she had finished her Math exercises.
(5)状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如when, before, after, as soon as, till/until引导的状语从句。
eg. When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
动词think, wish, expect, want, hope, mean, plan, intend, suppose等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 “原本，却未能…” eg. We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didn't.
(7)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
eg. Hardly had the teacher left the classroom when all the boys and girls began chatting with each other. 几组重要的区别：
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；
过去完成时是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 比较：
The little boy has learned 1000 Chinese characters so far.
The little boy had learned 1000 Chinese characters till then. 二、语态 三、倒 装
需要部分倒装的几种情况：
1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装 eg. Under no circumstance do I trust you.
2、only+副词/介词短语/从句位于句首时，这个句子需要部分倒装。如：Only then, only at that time, only in this way, only with, only through, only by等， eg. Only with you can I feel happy.
3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装
eg. So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day. 4.句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。 eg. Girl as she is, she can support the whole family.
5. 省略if的虚拟条件句的部分倒装：有were, should, had的虚拟条件句，省略if时，就将were, should, had移至主语的前面，构成部分倒装。
eg. Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
6.常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。
hardly/scarcely...when... 一...就... ,hardly，scarcely 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时。
eg. Hardly had he seen the teacher when he ran away. no sooner...than... 一...就...
no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，than 的后面用一般过去时。
eg. No sooner had her husband returned than he bought a house for her. the more…the more… 越…越…
The harder you studied, the happier you feel. 四、强调
强调句型：“It is (was)＋被强调的部分(主语、宾语、表语或状语)＋that(who)＋其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿，一般情况下，被强调的部分为“人”时用who，为“物”时用that。
A.强调句的一般疑问句结构为： Is/Was+ it+that+句子其他成分?
eg. Was it in 1997 when you were in college that you got to know her?
强调句的特殊疑问句结构为：
特殊疑问词＋is/was +it+that+句子其他成分。注意在强调句的疑问句型中，强调标志that/who后只能使用陈述语序。
eg. Who was it that invented the telephone? B.强调句与定语从句、状语从句等其他句型的区别
根据强调句结构特点来进行判断，如去掉it is/was ...that/who ... 重新排列，如果句子仍然通顺，就是强调句。
It was at the railway station that we first met 16 years ago. 我们16 年前是在火车站第一次相逢。
（强调句，强调地点状语at the railway station） 五、情态动词
后，把句子肯定推测对现在、must+动词原形将来的情况对过去的情况六、语气
否定推测can’t +动词原形 可能性推测may/might +动词原形 might比may的可能性更小may/might +have done sth. mustcan’t +have done +have done sth sth 表示虚拟的时间现在If从句谓语形式主句谓语形式If +主语+过去式主语+ (从句中系动词be多用were形式) would/should/could/might+动词原形If +主语+had+过去分词主语+ would/should/could/might+have+p.p主语+ would/should/could/might+动词原形 过去将来If +主语+ 过去式/should+动原/were to+动原混合式虚拟条件句
如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整，这种句子叫作混合虚拟条
件句。
如：If he had followed my advice, he would be quite all right now. 虚拟语气用在坚持(insist) 命令(order. command) 建议(advise. suggest. propose) 要求(demand. require. request. desire)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。
eg. The little girl insisted that her teacher have shark fin soup for dinner.
注：insist如果翻译成坚持做才用虚拟语气翻译成“坚持说”就不用虚拟语气。
suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
第三章 主谓一致
1. 动名词短语、不定式短语等作主语，谓语动词用单数。 Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job.
2. 一般用and 连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复 数，但是下面用and 连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数
law and order 法制 3. 有些名词，形式上是复数，意义上是单数，
如表示学科、疾病名称的名词，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.
4. a series of/a kind of/ a portion of+名词，句子谓语动词单数 A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled by the two professors.
5.集体名词police, public, cattle ,class ,youth 后常用复数形式的动词
The cattle are grazing in the sunshine. 6.就近一致原则
由连词either…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…; not only…but (also); or 等连接的并列主语
Neither money nor fame has influence on me. Not only you but also he is wrong.
7.主语带有（together/along）with, other than, apart from, in addition
to, as well as, such as, accompanied by, except, besides, combined with, including 附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致
The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference. 第四章 宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。有直接宾语，间接宾语。 喜欢、考虑不避免（enjoy, consider, escape, avoid） 停止，放弃太冒险（stop, give up, risk）
反对想象莫推延（object to, imagine, delay, put off） 要求完成是期望（require, finish, look forward to.） 建议继续勤学练（suggest, go on, practice ） 不禁原谅要坚持（can’t help, excuse, insist on） 继续注意使成功（keep on, mind, succeed in）
少数几个动词后面接动名词作宾语表示被动，如：need, want, require, deserve等。I think your suggestion deserves considering. 3. 双宾语
直接宾语和间接宾语，一个是人，一个是物，简称为双宾语。 一些双宾语的动词，需要借助介词，有如下几种情况： 1）通过不同介词，两个宾语可以调换位置，如：
a. A general should inspire his soldiers with great courage. b. A general should inspire great courage in his soldiers. 2）借助不同介词，产生不同的意思：
a. John was disappointed of the present. b. John was disappointed in the present.
（a. 指没礼物而失望；b. 指对所得礼物不满而失望）3）两个宾语与介词，位置固定不变
No one can deprive a citizen of his human right.（剥夺） 4）以返身代词为宾语的惯用语，如：
One of my friends often pride himself on his rare achievements. 第二节 宾 语 从 句if和whether引导宾语从句的区别 1） 在动词不定式之前只能用whether I can’t decide whether to stay.
2）在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中
I want to know whether it’s good news or not. 3）在介词后，只能用whether
His father is worried about whether he loses his work . 4）宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether
Whether they can finish the work on time, I can’t say. 5）用if会引起歧义时，只用whether
Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 宾语从句分三类：
一般及物动词后，或某些动词短语后都能带宾语从句 I believe that I can do it. 介词后面接宾语从句
It depends on whether we are determined to do it.
表示人感情色彩的形容词后接宾语从句sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised…等
I am sure that all my students will learn English well.
有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有: see to， take , have, hate, 等
We must see to it that Party policies are implemented . We take it that you will agree with us.
The manager will have it that our plan is really practical. I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food. 需要注意的几点：
宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder，句型为I wonder if，后面的连接词不能用whether；
eg：I wonder if you could lend me 1000 yuan today.
宾语从句的否定转移：think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式；
eg：I don't think I can learn English every day. 将seem, appear 等后所接从句的否定转移到前面。 eg： It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 2020-2-8
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