一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）
• •
《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )
杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)
“英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry）
《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）
二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）
• 托马斯·莫尔 （Thomas More ）
《乌托邦》（Utopia）
• 埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）
《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)
• 弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）
《论说文集》（Essays)
克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe
•
• •
《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） 《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） 《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta ）
威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare
喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant
of Venice）
悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth） 历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV） 传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）
本·琼生 Ben Johnson • 《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）
• 《狐狸》（Volpone）
• 《练金术士》（The Alchemist ）
三、17世纪文学
约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton
1 / 15
《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） 《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）
诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）
• 约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）
《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）
• 威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）
《以爱还爱》（Love for Love） 《如此世道》（The Way of the World ）
四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。
• 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift
《格列佛
• 丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父
《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）
• 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding
《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）
• 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift
《格列佛游记》 Gulliver’s Travels
• 丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父
《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）
• 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding
《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）
• 奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯 Oliver Goldsmith 《荒村》（The Deserted Village）
• 詹姆斯·汤姆逊James Thomson
《四季歌》（The Seasons）
• 威廉·柯林斯 William Collins
《黄昏颂》（Ode to Evening）
• 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray
《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ）
五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）
• •
• 威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth • 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge
《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads ）
2 / 15
罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns
威廉·布莱克 William Blake
· Byron,Shelley,Keats
六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918）（维多利亚时代1832-1901）
• 罗伯特·布朗宁 Robert Browning戏剧独白 《皮帕走过了》（Pippa Passes） 《指环与书》（The Ring and the Book）
• 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生 Alfred Tennyson 《悼念》（In Memoriam A. H. H）
勃朗特三姐妹
• 夏洛蒂·勃朗特 Charlotte Bronte
《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）
• 艾米丽·勃朗特Emily Bronte
《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights)
• 安妮·勃朗特 Anne Bronte
《阿格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
托马斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy • 《德伯家的苔丝》
（Tess of the D’Urbervilles）
• 《无名的裘德》
（Jude the Obscure）
查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickens
• • • • •
《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist） 《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield） 《远大前程》（Great Expectations） 《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House） 《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）
一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485
Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey 3 / 15 Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A ) A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ① first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English ② Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf II The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学 （15世纪后期—17世纪初） A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Two features 1. a thirsting curiosity for the clasical literature 2. the keen interst in the activities of humanity. The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts: (1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, (2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, (3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 4 / 15 1. new discoveries in geography and astrology 2. the religious reformation and economic expansion 3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson. English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599 （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets’ poet.The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey 12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poet’s poet”? ( B ) A. Spenser’s idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody ① The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”. Artistic features: 1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. ② The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. ③ 2. Thomas More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535 One of the greatest English humanists ① 3. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626 （哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。） Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist. Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason. ① The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. 4. Ben Jonson ① 5. Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595 “University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。） Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 14. Marlowe gave new vigor to ____ with his “mighty lines” ( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terza rima D. blank verse ① 5 / 15 6. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616 ① Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: ③Four Tragedies: ④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III The 17th Century17世纪文学 1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674 （诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。） ①Epics: ②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 ③ This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best. 2. JohnBunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688 （代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。） Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人) ①Religionary Allegory: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought） Artistic features: 1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2. syllogism三段论 ① Meditations 沉思录 The Flea 虱子 ② Songs And Sonnets Holy Sonnets ③Valediction: 6 / 15 IV The 18th Century启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） ：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。 A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说) Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. AlexanderPope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744 （18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。） As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.... Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift ① 1.Using “heroic couplets” ② ③ 2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784 ①Dictionary =英语大词典 3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745 （十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）① Four parts: Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛 一个小小的建议 ② ③ 木桶的故事 ④ 4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731 （小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。） He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. ① It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. ② 7 / 15 ④ 5. Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754 （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. ① novels: 6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774 ① poems: 7. Richard BrinsleySheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816 ① ② A happy and innocent world from children’s eye. ② A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③ Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 ① ④ 不管那一套 ⑤ VThe Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） 8 / 15 The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey 1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850 （与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） ① Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ② 2. Samuel TaylorColeridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834 The Lake Poets ① Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory ④ ⑥ （拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。） “Byronic hero”is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① ② 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822 ①Poetic Drama： Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression ② 诗辩 9 / 15 ③Lyrics: Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's \"Ode to the West Wind\" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …) 5. John Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ①Four great odes: ② Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, \"To Autumn\is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817 She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters 7. Walter Scott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels ① 10 / 15 VIThe Victorian Period 1832-1900 Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events. 1. Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870 （批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① ⑥ ⑧ 双城记(London & Paris) ⑨ ⑩ 是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。 2. William MakepeaceThackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863 ① 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855 ① Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as LowoodSchool It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. ② 4. Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854 ① < Wuthering Heights>呼啸山庄 A story about two familie and an intruding stranger. 【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② < Old Stoic> 5. George Eliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880 ① 6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892 11 / 15 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break, Break, Break> ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 7. Robert Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889 ① Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① 8. Robert Louis Stevenson ① 9. Thomas Hardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928 （小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） ⑴ Novels ① < Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝 Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② < Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德 ③ < Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下 ④ < Far From The Madding Crowd>远离尘嚣 ⑤ < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ < The Return of the Native>还乡 ⑵ Poems Wessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国 VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights ① Oscar Wilde ② George Bernard Shaw 1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies: