专业英语八级真题2016年

(总分：100.00，做题时间：120分钟)

一、PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) (总题数：1，分数：15.00)

Models For Arguments Three models for arguments ● The first model for arguing is called 11 2 : —arguments are treated as war —there is much winning and losing —it is a 32 4 model for arguing ● The second model for arguing is arguments as proofs: —warranted 53 6 —valid inference and conclusion —no 74 8 in the adversarial sense ● The third model for arguing is 95 10 : —the audience is 116 12 in the argument —arguments must 137 14 the audience Traits of the argument as war ● Very dominant: it can shape 158 16 ● Strong arguments are needed ● Negative effects include: — 179 18 are emphasized —winning is the only purpose —this type of arguments prevent 1910 20 —the worst thing is 2111 22 ● Implication from arguments as war: 2312 24 —e.g. one providing reasons and the other raising 2513 26 —the other one is finally persuaded Suggestions on new ways to 2714 28 of arguments ● think of new kinds of arguments ● change roles in arguments ● 2915 30

Models For Arguments Three models for arguments ● The first model for arguing is called 311 32 : —arguments are treated as war —there is much winning and losing —it is a 332 34 model for arguing ● The second model for arguing is arguments as proofs: —warranted 353 36 —valid inference and conclusion —no 374 38 in the adversarial sense ● The third model for arguing is 395 40 : —the audience is 416 42 in the argument —arguments must 437 44 the audience Traits of the argument as war ● Very dominant: it can shape 458 46 ● Strong arguments are needed ● Negative effects include: — 479 48 are emphasized —winning is the only purpose —this type of arguments prevent 4910 50 —the worst thing is 5111 52 ● Implication from arguments as war: 5312 54 —e.g. one providing reasons and the other raising 5513 56 —the other one is finally persuaded Suggestions on new ways to 5714 58 of arguments ● think of new kinds of arguments ● change roles in arguments ● 5915 60（分数：15.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：the dialectical model）

解析：[听力原文] Models for Arguments Good morning, everyone! My name is David, and I am good at arguing. So, welcome to our introductory lecture on argumentation. Why do we want to argue? Why do we try to convince other people to believe things that they don\"t want to believe? Is that even a nice thing to do? Is that a nice way to treat other human being? Try and make them think something they don\"t want to think? Well, my answer is going to make reference to 3 models for arguments. The first model. Let\"s call this the dialectical model. It\"s that we think of arguments as war. And you know what that is like? There is a lot of screaming and shouting, and winning and losing, and that\"s not really a very_ helpful model for arguing, but it\"s a pretty common and fixed one. I guess you must have seen that type of arguing many times, in the street, on the bus, or in the subway. Let\"s move on to the second model. The second model for arguing regards arguments as proofs. Think of a mathematician\"s argument. Here is my argument. Does it work? Is it any good? Are the premises warranted? Are the inferences valid? Does the conclusion follow the premises? No opposition, no adversariality, not necessarily any arguing in the adversarial sense? And there\"s a third model to keep in mind that I think is going to be very helpful, and that is arguments as performances. Arguments has been in front of an audience. We can think of a politician trying to present a position, trying to convince the audience of something. But there is another twist on this model that I really think is important. Namely that when we argue before an audience, sometimes the audience has a more participatory_ role in the argument, that is, you present your arguments in front of an audience who are like juries that make a judgement and decide the case. Let\"s call this model the rhetorical model, where you have to tailor your argument to the audience at hand. Of those three, the argument as war is the dominant one. It dominates how

we talk about arguments; it dominates how we think about arguments. And because of that, it shapes how we argue, our actual conduct in arguments. We want strong arguments—arguments that have a lot of punch, arguments that are right on target. We want to have our defenses up, and our strategies all in order. We want to kill our arguments. That\"s the kind of argument we want. It is the dominant way of thinking about arguments. When I\"m talking about arguments, that\"s probably what you thought of, the adversarial model. But the war metaphor, the war paradigm, or model for thinking about arguments, has, I think, made it negative effects on how we argue. First, it elevates tactics over substances. You can take a class in logic argumentation. You learn all about the strategies that people use to try and win arguments. And it makes arguing adversarial. It\"s polarizing. And the only foreseeable outcomes are triumph, glorious triumph, were disgraceful defeat. I think those are very destructive effects, and worst of all, it seems to prevent things like negotiation and collaboration. Um, I think the argument as a war metaphor inhibits those other kinds of resolutions to argumentation. And finally, this is really the worst thing. Arguments don\"t seem to get us anywhere. They are dead ends. We don\"t get anywhere. Oh, and one more thing, that is, if argument is war, then there is also an implicit aspect of meaning, learning was losing. And let me explain what I mean. Suppose you and I have an argument, you believe a proposition, and I don\"t. And I say, well, why do you believe that? And you give me your reasons. And I object and say, well, what about...? And you answer my objection. And I have a question, well, what do you mean? How does it apply over here? And you answer my question. Now, suppose at the end of the day, I\"ve objected, I\"ve questioned, I\"ve raised all sorts of questions from an opposite perspective, and in every case, you respond to my satisfaction. And so, at the end of the day, I say, you know what? I guess you are right. Maybe finally I lost my argument, but isn\"t also a process of learning? So you see arguments may also have positive effects. So how can we find new ways to achieve those positive effects? We need to think of new kinds of arguments. Here, I have some suggestions. If we want to think of new kinds of arguments, what we need to do is think of new kinds of arguers, people who argue. So, try this. Think of all the roles that people play in arguments. There\"s the proponent, and the opponent in an adversarial dialectical argument. There\"s the audience in rhetorical arguments. There\"s the reasoner in arguments as proofs. All these different roles. Now, can you imagine an argument in which you are the arguer, but you are also in the audience watching yourself argue? Can you imagine yourself watching yourself argue? That means you need to be supported by yourself. Even when you lose the argument, still, at the end of the argument, you could say, wow, that was a good argument! Can you do that? I think you can. In this way, you\"ve been supported by yourself. Up till now, I\"ve lost a lot of arguments. It really takes practice to become a good arguer in the sense of being able to benefit from losing. But fortunately, I\"ve had many many colleagues who have been willing to step up and provide that practice for me. OK, to sum up. In today\"s lecture, I have introduced 3 models of arguments. The first model is called the dialectical model, the second is the model of arguments as proofs. And the last one is called the rhetorical model, the model of arguments as performances. I\"ve also emphasized that though the adversarial type of arguments is quite common, we can still make arguments produce some positive effects. Next time, I will continue our discussion on the process of arguing. [解析] 演讲者在讲到共有三种辩论的方式之后，马上就提到了第一种，“The first model. Let\"s call this the dialectical model.”从题目来看，几乎就是原句的重述，所以可以确定此处的答案为“dialectical model”，且字数不超过三个。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：common and fixed）

解析：[解析] 原文在讲述第一种辩论的特点时提到，“that\"s not really a very helpful model for arguing，but it\"s a pretty common and fixed one”。由此分析，此处如果填写“helpful”，并不十分确切；若直接填“pretty common and fixed”则又超过了字数的限制，所以提炼为“common and fixed”。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：premises）

解析：[解析] 在讲述第二种辩论方式的时候，演讲者提出了几个问题，其中一个就是“Are the premises warranted?”，而题干给出的提示词为“warranted”，恰好与这个问题契合。所以，将该问句整理之后可以得到本题的答案，即“premises”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：opposition/arguing）

解析：[解析] 同上题一样，本题要综合考虑题干和演讲的内容。演讲者在介绍第二种辩论方式时，所提出的最后一句话为“No opposition, no adversariality, not necessarily any arguing in the adversarial sense?”而且题干中的“adversarial”说明不可能是该词的变形，所以可以得知此处的答案为“opposition”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：arguments as performances/the rhetorical model） 解析：[解析] 本题略有难度。在介绍第三种辩论方式的总起句中并不能找到不超过三个词的答案，但其线索隐含在结论句中。在即将介绍完第三种方式的时候，演讲者提到“Let\"s call this model the rhetorical model”，所以可以推出本题的答案为“rhetorical model”。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：participating）

解析：[解析] 本题考查的是在第三种辩论方式中听众的状态。但是从对题干的分析可以得知，其主语是“audience”，状语是“in the argument”，原文中可以加以利用并且符合题干的是“...sometimes the audience has a more participatory role in the argument”。但是如果直接用原文，会超过三个词，因此经提炼之后，得到此处的答案为“participating”。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：be tailored to）

解析：[解析] 本题的答案来自对第三种辩论方式的总结句。在对第三种辩论方式做出定义之后，演讲者又补充到“where you have to tailor your argument to the audience at hand”。考虑到题干的主语是“arguments”，所以采用了被动语态的形式，故此题答案为“be tailored to”。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：methods of argumentation）

解析：[解析] 该题的答案并不能从原文直接获得。演讲者是这样描述“the argument as war”的第一个特点“It dominates how we talk about arguments; it dominates how we think about arguments. And because of that, it shapes how we argue, our actual conduct in arguments.”可以判断出答案来自于句子“it shapes how we argue”，经过提炼后可以总结出此处的答案为“methods of argumentation”。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：tactics）

解析：[解析] 在讲到其负面效应时，演讲者提到“First, it elevates tactics over substances.”可以得知在这种辩论模式中，对“tactics(技巧)”的强调要多于“substances(内容)”。所以，此处的答案为“tactics”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：negotiation and collaboration）

解析：[解析] 本题的答案可以直接从原文中获得。演讲者提到“it seems to prevent things like negotiation and collaboration”。正好和题干的前半部分相符，所以得知此处的答案为“negotiation and collaboration”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：a dead end）

解析：[解析] 在讲到此种辩论方式的最后一个负面效应时，作者提到“Arguments don\"t seem to get us anywhere. They are dead ends.”可以判定答案来自后一句。考虑到题干的谓语动词是“is”，所以确定答案为“a dead end”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：learning was losing）

解析：[解析] 演讲者指出“if argument is war, then there is also an implicit aspect of meaning，learning was losing”，而且题干中的冒号提示出后面可以填入一个小短句，而这个短句恰好只有三个词，即“learning was losing”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：questions）

解析：[解析] 演讲者在描述这种辩论方式可能的结果时举了这样一个例子“And you give me your reasons. And I object and say, well, what about...? And you answer my objection. And I have a question...”。 从题干中可以看出，所填的部分应该与“providing reasons”相对应，而且要与动词“raising”相搭配，所以提炼出此处应该填“questions”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：achieve positive effects）

解析：[解析] 在提到新的辩论方式时，演讲者提出“So how can we find new ways to achieve those positive effects?”所以不难看出，新方式是要提升辩论的积极效应，所以此处的答案可以直接从原文中获得，即“achieve positive effects”。

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：supported by oneself）

解析：[解析] 在论述新的辩论方式时，演讲者给出三个特点，最后一点他提出“That means you need to be supported by yourself.”从这句话提炼出本题的答案为“supposed by oneself”。

二、SECTION B INTERVIEW (总题数：2，分数：10.00)

Now, listen to the Part One of the interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on Part One of the interview. （分数：5.00）

A.A Maggie’s university life. B.Her mom’s life at Harvard.

C.Maggie’s view on studying with Mom. √ D.Maggie’s opinion on her mom’s major.

解析：[听力原文] M: Good evening everybody! Today we are pleased to have invited Maggie Shorts from Harvard University to tell us her feeling of studying together with her morn. Well, Maggie. W: Thanks! I\"m very happy to meet you all. M: Maggie, are you and your morn studying the same major at university? W: Not really. She is studying in Law School, and I am studying journalism. So you see, she is a graduate student, while ! am an undergraduate. Since we studied at the same time, and hers is a 4-year night programme, our school schedules are sinked. M: Which means? W: We follow the same schedule study; we take our exams during the same busy weeks, and experience similar relief at the end of December and May. Last spring, we compared notes on our cover letters and interviews for our job applications. Last June, as we were both preparing for our summer internships, my mother and I traded fashion advice. Presently, we will probably graduate within days of each other. M: Interesting that you must have a lot in common at study! W: You bet! As students, we\"ve shared study habits, take notes by hand, general truth. You can\"t avoid having a few bad professors. And encouraging platitudes, like, it\"s OK, no one will care how you did on your science of cooking or constitutional law midterm. While she\"s listening to my complaints about freshmen year roommates, and dining hall food, I helped her buy textbooks online, and wished her luck in MOOC court practice. Occasionally, we\"ve even studied together. When mom came to visit during freshmen-parents weekend, I took her into the library on the pretext that she was on a library tour. We sat side by side in the big open room on the first floor, she diligently taking notes on a huge red volume that she had loved from the New York City on the train, I casually reading about Greek myths. M: What do you think is the biggest advantage of having a parent studying together with you? W: I know that my mother has felt the frustration other paper that won\"t write and the excitement of mastering a difficult topic. I don\"t need to explain my elaborate theory that I am a bad test-taker. She said the same thing about herself. And talking with her is a good way to get perspective on those occasional hurdles that crop up in college. Although we are both taking a substantial course load, mom is also working a full time job in the financial industry. That urges me to study harder. So I should say, encouragement. M: Any disadvantages then? W: Well, sometimes, I wonder whether we are getting a little too involved in each other\"s school lives. This usually occurs to me about twice a year when my mother calls to inform me of her grades. Once she reached me in the middle of a date, \"I got my first A! Aren\"t you going to congratulate me?\" And often when the news has been disappointing, I haven\"t known how to respond. Last fall, I was chastised for passing along a speculative I had heard in a dining hall. That because of great inflation, GPAs once considered good, might be viewed with new scrutiny. Jane has informed me that B is the new F. Mom now thanksgiving, I did not know what to say to comfort her. What is the topic of the interview? [解析] 本题考查的是访谈的主题。 在访谈的开篇，主持人就开门见山地提到了本次访谈的主题，即“Today we are pleased to have invited Maggie Shorts from Harvard

University to tell us her feeling of studying together with her mom.”所以不难判断出，该访谈的主题是“Maggie对同妈妈一起上大学的看法”，即选项C。 A.They take exams in the same weeks. √ B.They have similar lecture notes. C.They apply for the same internship. D.They follow the same fashion.

解析：[听力原文] Which of the following indicates that they have the same study schedule? [解析] 本题考查的是从哪个方面可以看出Maggie和妈妈的学习时间表大体相同。 在访谈中，Maggie自己提到“We follow the same schedule study; we take our exams during the same busy weeks, and experience similar relief at the end of December and May.”这说明Maggie和妈妈几乎是在相同的时间参加考试，也会在相同的时间放假。与此相符合的选项是A，所以本题的答案为A。 A.Having roommates. B.Practicing court trails. C.Studying together. D.Taking notes by hand. √

解析：[听力原文] What do the mother and the daughter have in common as students? [解析] 本题考查的是作为学生妈妈和女儿的共同之处。 Maggie在访谈中提到“As students, we\"ve shared study habits, take notes by hand, general truth.”在题目的四个选项中，A指出两者都有室友；B说两者都进行出庭练习；C说共同学习；这些都和原文不符。只有选项D，即手写笔记和Maggie说的相同，故答案为D。

A.Protection B.Imagination C.Excitement D.Encouragement √

解析：[听力原文] What is the biggest advantage of studying with room? [解析] 本题考查的是和妈妈一起学习的最大好处。 在回答采访者的这个提问时，Maggie谈到了她和妈妈在学习中共同遇到的问题以及妈妈言传身教对她的影响，并总结说“So I should say, encouragement.”所以本题的答案十分明确，即选项D。

A.Thinking of ways to comfort Mom. B.Occasional interference from Mom. √ C.Ultimately calls when Maggie is busy. D.Frequent check on Maggie’s grades.

解析：[听力原文] What is the biggest disadvantage of studying with morn? [解析] 本题考查的是和妈妈一起学习的最大缺点。 在回答这个问题时，Maggie说“I wonder whether we are getting a little too involved in each other\"s school lives.”。Maggie的意思是说她和妈妈似乎彼此都过度地介入了对方的学习生活，并引用了几个小故事，如妈妈考试得了A，兴奋地给Maggie打电话，打扰了Maggie的约会；Maggie很苦恼，不知道如何把课业上一些坏消息告诉妈妈等。但是这些事件并不是频繁出现的，而是“sometimes”。再来看四个选项。选项A是说要想出安慰妈妈的方式；B是说偶尔受到妈妈的干扰；C是说Maggie很忙的时候，妈妈不合时宜地打来电话；D说妈妈总是探查Maggie的分数。综合考虑访谈的内容和选项，只有选项B符合原文的内容，故答案为B。

Now, listen to the Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Part Two of the interview.

Now, listen to the Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Part Two of the interview.（分数：5.00）

A.Because parents need to be ready for new jobs. √ B.Because parents love to return to college. C.Because kids require their parents to do so. D.Because kids find it hard to adapt to college life.

解析：[听力原文] M: I see. Is the phenomenon of parent and kid studying together at university a rare case? W: I am afraid not. Changing careers later in life is no longer a rarity. So it is not uncommon for students and their parents to be twin with the big decisions at the same time. Class services indicate that the majority of Harvard alumni have shifted directions when it comes to their careers. With the financial collapse of 2008, such shifts have become more widespread. Students have seen their family members lose jobs or change them. Gone is the time when you start out at a company and work there for the rest of your life. M: So your morn studied study again, just because she wanted to change her career? W: Yes! She used to be in a real estate industry, but now she wants to be a lawyer. M: Does her experience affect you somewhat? W: Certainly! Freshman week, in one of the welcoming speeches, our dean mentioned that many of us might have grown up thinking that doctor, lawyer, teacher, were our only options. She urged us to stick to our dreams. But later I realized talking about passions is one thing, actually following them is another. By the time I started to think about what professional directions I might want to take, I had heard the average American changes careers seven times. So often that it was hard enough to become numb to its message. The last thing that the enthusiastic Harvard student wants to do is to imagine moving from job to job until she lands somewhere by chance. Especially when the economy is so uncertain. My mom, conserved as a good example, even if she graduated from Harvard herself as a brilliant student, she had to make alterations of her career. M: So, is your morn actually happy studying with younger students? W: Hard to say. Frustration is routine for older students. You know, who have to learn how to study all over again. Morn wants to describe the experience of taking classes with students half her age, after 30 years in the work force, what\"s most challenging is that you come into class, knowing how to make a cake, but you are all there to make omelets. M: A kind of wasting time. W: Exactly. M: Do you think your morn has played an important role in shaping your idea of what kind of person you want to be? W: Absolutely! Harvard offers many resources for students who want to figure out where their future lies. Advisors, tutors, and OCS keep their doors open to help undergraduates embark on this kind of discovery. One can\"t find one\"s passions in a booklet on summer internships or a list of possible career paths. It\"s a gradual process that involves sharing thoughts and then coming back to them, a discussion that doesn\"t always have is in goal in mind. In the course of my time at Harvard, it has been just such a give-and-take, with professors, with friends, and with my mother, that has slowly shaped my ideas of who I might want to be. I really cherish the time she spent together with me at university. M: Well, Maggie, thank you very much for staying with us today! W: My pleasure. Why is parent and kid studying together a common case? [解析] 本题考查的是父母和子女共同学习成为普遍现象的原因。 访谈中，主持人问Maggie，父母和孩子一起上大学是不是个案?Maggie回答说“不是”，并给出了原因“Changing careers later in life is no longer a rarity. So it is not uncommon for students and their parents to be twin with the big decisions at the same time.”即父母由于想更换工作同样需要进入大学学习，这恰好同选项A“因为父母需要为新工作做准备”相符，故答案为A。 A.Real estate agent B.Financier C.Lawyer √ D.Teacher

解析：[听力原文] What would Maggie\"s morn like to be after college? [解析] 本题考查的是Maggie的妈妈再次进入大学学习后想从事的职业。 当主持人问到Maggie的妈妈重新进入大学是不是要换工作的时候，Maggie回答说“是的”，并说“She used to be in a real estate industry, but now she wants to be a lawyer.”显然答案是C。 A.Delighted B.Excited C.Bored

D.Frustrated √

解析：[听力原文] How does Maggie\"s room feel about sitting in class after 30 years? [解析] 本题考查的是时隔30年，Maggie的妈妈重新进入课堂的感受。 在回答这个问题时，Maggie说“很难给出确切的答案”，又指出“Frustration is routine for older students.”作为一个离开校园30年的人，Maggie的妈妈显然是“上了岁数”的学生中的一员，所以她的感受应该是“frustration”。只有选项D与之相符。 A.How to make a cake. B.How to make omelets.

C.To accept what is taught. √ D.To plan a future career.

解析：[听力原文] What is most challenging for Maggie\"s mom? [解析] 本题考查的是Maggie的妈妈面临的最大的挑战。 Maggie在谈及妈妈在学习中面临的最大挑战的时候，打了个比方，她说“what\"s most challenging is that you come into class，knowing how to make a cake, but you are all there to make omelets”。虽然选项A和B分别提到了“cake”和“omelet”，但没有切中题意。Maggie的本意是说作为一名过来人，她的妈妈还要和其他年轻人一样所有的东西要从头再学习一遍，所以选项C“接受教授的内容”与此最为匹配，所以答案为C。 A.Unsuccessful B.Gradual √ C.Frustrating D.Passionate

解析：[听力原文] How does Maggie describe the process of thinking out one\"s career path? [解析] 本题考查的是Maggie如何描述对职业路线的思考过程。 在Maggie的描述中，她提到“It\"s a gradual process that involves sharing thoughts and then coming back to them”，显然在她看来这是一个循序渐进的过程，所以选项B最符合她的本意，故选B。

三、PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN) (总题数：3，分数：14.00)

PASSAGE ONE (1)There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes（滑水板）over cataracts of foam. On weekends Mr. Gatsby’s Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with scrubbing-brushes and hammer and garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before. (2)Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New York – every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour, if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butler’s thumb. (3)At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors-d’oeuvre（冷盘）, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold. In the main hall a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials（加香甜酒）so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another. (4)By seven o’clock the orchestra has arrived – no thin five-piece affair but a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos and low and high drums. The last swimmers have come in from the beach now and are dressing upstairs; the cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary colors and hair shorn in strange new ways, and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside until the air is alive with chatter and laughter and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot and enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each other’s names.

(5)The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. Laughter is easier, minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word. (6)The groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath – already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable, become for a sharp, joyous moment the center of a group and then excited with triumph glide on through the sea-change of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light. (7)Suddenly one of these gypsies in trembling opal, seizes a cocktail out of the air, dumps it down for courage and moving her hands like Frisco dances out alone on the canvas platform. A momentary hush; the orchestra leader varies his rhythm obligingly for her and there is a burst of chatter as the erroneous news goes around that she is Gilda Gray’s understudy from the Folies. The party has begun. (8)I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited – they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island and somehow they ended up at Gatsby’s door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby, and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission. (9)I had been actually invited. A chauffeur in a uniform crossed my lawn early that Saturday morning with a surprisingly formal note from his employer – the honor would be entirely Gatsby’s, it said, if I would attend his “little party” that night. He had seen me several times and had intended to call on me long before but a peculiar combination of circumstances had prevented it – signed Jay Gatsby in a majestic hand. (10)Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven and wandered around rather ill-at-ease among swirls and eddies of people I didn’t know – though here and there was a face I had noticed on the commuting train. I was immediately struck by the number of young Englishmen dotted about; all well dressed, all looking a little hungry and all talking in low earnest voices to solid and prosperous Americans. I was sure that they were selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were, at least, agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinced that it was theirs for a few words in the right key. (11)As soon as I arrived I made an attempt to find my host but the two or three people of whom I asked his whereabouts stared at me in such an amazed way and denied so vehemently any knowledge of his movements that I slunk off in the direction of the cocktail table – the only place in the garden where a single man could linger without looking purposeless and alone. （分数：5.00）

(1).It can be inferred form Para. 1 that Mr. Gatsby ______ through the summer. （分数：1.00） A.entertained guests from everywhere every weekend

B.invited his guests to ride in his Rolls-Royce at weekends C.liked to show off by letting guests ride in his vehicles D.indulged himself in parties with people from everywhere √

解析：[解析] 推断题。由第一段的前三句话，可排除选项A，因为是整个夏天都是如此，并不仅仅是周末，只是周末人更多。由“On week-ends, his Rolls-Royce became an omnibus，bearing parties to and from the city”可排除选项B，因为并不是盖茨比周末邀请客人乘坐他的劳斯莱斯，而是因为周末客人太多，他的劳斯莱斯成了接送客人的小公汽。C选项“他喜欢让客人乘坐他的车，从而显示自己”是过度推断，文中看不出有显示自己的意思，可排除。由第一段可知，盖茨比整个夏天都在招待客人，音乐、花园晚会、香槟、跳水、冲浪等都可证明这一点，“to meet all trains”则说明客人来自各地，故选项D：与来自各地的客人纵情地聚会，是正确选项。

(2).In Para.4, the word “permeate” probably means ______. （分数：1.00） A.perish B.push

C.penetrate √

D.perpetrate

解析：[解析] 词义题。由原文“floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside”鸡尾酒气味弥漫外面花园的每个角落，可知“permeate”是弥漫；遍布的意思。选项A意思是消失；选项B是推动的意思；选项D是犯罪、作恶之意，均可排除，只有C有弥漫之意，故选C。 (3).It can be inferred form Para. 8 that ______. （分数：1.00） A.guests need to know Gatsby in order to attend his parties B.people somehow ended up in Gatsby’s house as guests √ C.Gatsby usually held garden parties for invited guests D.guests behaved themselves in a rather formal manner

解析：[解析] 推断题。直接定位到第八段。由原文第二句“People were not invited—they went there.”可排除选项A。由原文第一句“I went to Gatsby\"s house”可排除选项C“garden party”。由原文“they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks.”，可知人们举止随意自然，可排除选项D：人们举止正式。选项B与“somehow they ended up at Gatsby\"s door”相符合，故选B。

(4).According to Para. 10, the author felt ______ at Gatsby’s party. （分数：1.00） A.dizzy B.dreadful C.furious D.awkward √

解析：[解析] 态度题。答案出自第十一段第一句，“wandered around rather ill at ease”表明作者感觉尴尬、不自在。选项A：迷茫；选项B：恐惧；选项C：愤怒与原文不符，也没有依据，只有选项D与原文相符，故选D。

(5).What can be concluded from Para.11 about Gatsby? （分数：1.00） A.He was not expected to be present at the parties. √ B.He was busy receiving and entertaining guests. C.He was usually out of the house at the weekend. D.He was unwilling to meet some of the guests.

解析：[解析] 推断题。由第十一段第一句“but the two or three people of whom I asked his whereabouts stared at me in such an amazed way, and denied SO vehemently any knowledge of his movements”客人对此问题很惊奇，可推断客人并不期待在晚会遇到主人盖茨比。选项B：他忙于招待客人；选项C：他通常周末不在家；选项D：他不愿见到某些客人，在原文中都找不到依据。只有选项A符合原文，故答案为A。

PASSAGE TWO (1)The Term “CYBERSPACE” was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel, “Neuromancer”, whose main character, Henry Dorsett Case, is a troubled computer hacker and drug addict. In the book Mr Gibson describes cyberspace as “a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators” and “a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system.” (2)His literary creation turned out to be remarkably prescient（有先见之明的）. Cyberspace has become shorthand for the computing devices, networks, fibre-optic cables, wireless links and other infrastructure that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The myriad connections forged by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into humanity’s collective store of knowledge every day. (3)But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through such attacks. Among the most prominent recent victims has been Target, whose chief executive, Gregg Steinhafel, stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant American retailer revealed that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details. Other well-known firms such as Adobe, a tech company, and eBay, an online marketplace, have also been hit. (4) The potential damage, though, extends

well beyond such commercial incursions. Wider concerns have been raised by the revelations about the mass surveillance carried out by Western intelligence agencies made by Edward Snowden, a contractor to America’s National Security Agency (NSA), as well as by the growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new domain of warfare. America’s president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats “pose one of the gravest national-security dangers” the country is facing. (5)Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not security. Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not worry much about threats because the network was affiliated with America’s military. As hackers turned up, layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, reckons that last year organizations around the globe spent $67 billion on information security. (6)On the whole, these defenses have worked reasonably well. For all the talk about the risk of a “cyber 9/11”, the internet has proved remarkably resilient. Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at virtual stores, swap gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online. (7)But the task is becoming harder. Cyber-security, which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly. A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intellectual-property theft at $445 billion – a sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria. (8)To add to the worries, there is also the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including power stations, electrical grids and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not impossible. One precedent is the destruction in 2010 of centrifuges（离心机）at a nuclear facility in Iran by a computer program known as Stuxnet. (9)But such events are rare. The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial data and trade secrets. For example, smarter, better-organized hackers are making life tougher for the cyber-defenders, but the report will argue that even so a number of things can be done to keep everyone safer than they are now. (10)One is to ensure that organizations get the basics of cyber-security right. All too often breaches are caused by simple blunders, such as failing to separate systems containing sensitive data from those that do not need access to them. Companies also need to get better at anticipating where attacks may be coming from and at adapting their defences swiftly in response to new threats. Technology can help, as can industry initiatives that allow firms to share intelligence about risks with each other. (11)There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. One idea is to encourage internet-service providers, or the companies that manage internet connections, to shoulder more responsibility for identifying and helping to clean up computers infected with malicious software. Another is to find ways to ensure that software developers produce code with fewer flaws in it so that hackers have fewer security holes to exploit. (12)An additional reason for getting tech companies to give a higher priority to security is that cyberspace is about to undergo another massive change. Over the next few years billions of new devices, from cars to household appliances and medical equipment, will be fitted with tiny computers that connect them to the web and make them more useful. Dubbed “the internet of things”, this is already making it possible, for example, to control home appliances using smartphone apps and to monitor medical devices remotely. (13)But unless these systems have adequate security protection, the internet of things could easily become the internet of new things to be hacked. Plenty of people are eager to take advantage of any weaknesses they may spot. Hacking

used to be about geeky college kids tapping away in their bedrooms to annoy their elders. It has grown up with a vengeance. （分数：4.00）

(1).Cyberspace is described by William Gibson as ______. （分数：1.00） A.a function only legitimate computer operators have B.a representation of data from the human system C.an important element stored in the human system D.an illusion held by the common computer users √

解析：[解析] 细节题。威廉·吉布森把网络空间描述为“a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators”“A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system”。选项A和C均可排除，因为无法同义替换。选项B是强干扰项，但细读原文，会发现是“from banks of every computer”，而不是“from the human system”。选项D是“a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators”的同义替换，而故答案为D。

(2).Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the meaning of the first four paragraphs? （分数：1.00）

A.Cyberspace has more benefits than defects. B.Cyberspace is like a double-edged sword. √ C.Cyberspace symbolizes technological advance. D.Cyberspace still remains a sci-fi notion.

解析：[解析] 段意题。通读前四段，尤其第三段的转折连词“but”，表明作者从正反两面分析了网络空间，因此选项B：网络空间是双刃剑，符合题意。选项A和C只提及一方面，过于片面，可排除。选项D与原文相反，原文提及“His literary creation turned out to be remarkably prescient”，可排除选项D。

(3).According to Para. 5, the designing principles of the internet and cyberspace security are ______. （分数：1.00） A.controversial B.complimentary C.contradictory √ D.congruent

解析：[解析] 推断题。直接定位到第五段。由第一句“the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not security”可知，设计的原则相对立，故选C。选项A：有争议；选项B：互补的；选项D：一致的，均不符合题意，都可排除。

(4).What could be the most appropriate title for the passage? （分数：1.00） A.Cyber Crime and Its Prevention. √ B.The Origin of Cyber Crime. C.How to Deal with Cyber Crime. D.The Definition of Cyber Crime.

解析：[解析] 主旨题。选项B、C、D文中都有所提及，但都只是一方面，不能涵盖全文，可排除。只有选项A能概括全文，故选A。

PASSAGE THREE (1)You should treat skeptically the loud cries now coming from colleges and universities that the last bastion of excellence in American education is being gutted by state budget cuts and mounting costs. Whatever else it is, higher education is not a bastion of excellence. It is shot through with waste, lax academic standards and mediocre teaching and scholarship. (2)True, the economic pressures – from the Ivy League to state systems – are intense. Last year, nearly two-thirds of schools had to make midyear spending cuts to stay within their budgets. It is also true (as university presidents and deans argue) that relieving those pressures merely by raising tuitions and cutting courses will make matters worse. Students will pay more and get less. The university presidents and deans want to be spared from further government budget cuts. Their case is weak. (3)Higher education is a bloated enterprise. Too many professors do too little

teaching to too many ill-prepared students. Costs can be cut and quality improved without reducing the number of graduates. Many colleges and universities should shrink. Some should go out of business. Consider: ? Except for elite schools, admissions standards are low. About 70 percent of freshmen at four-year colleges and universities attend their first-choice schools. Roughly 20 percent go to their second choices. Most schools have eagerly boosted enrollments to maximize revenues (tuition and state subsidies). ? Dropout rates are high. Half or more of freshmen don’t get degrees. A recent study of PhD programs at 10 major universities also found high dropout rates for doctoral candidates. ? The attrition among undergraduates is particularly surprising because college standards have apparently fallen. One study of seven top schools found widespread grade inflation. In 1963, half of the students in introductory philosophy courses got a B – or worse. By 1986, only 21 percent did. If elite schools have relaxed standards, the practice is almost surely widespread. ? Faculty teaching loads have fallen steadily since the 1960s. In major universities, senior faculty members often do less than two hours a day of teaching. Professors are “socialized to publish, teach graduate students and spend as little time teaching (undergraduates) as possible,” concludes James Fairweather of Penn State University in a new study. Faculty pay consistently rises as undergraduate teaching loads drop. ? Universities have encouraged an almost mindless explosion of graduate degrees. Since 1960, the number of masters’ degrees awarded annually has risen more than fourfold to 337,000. Between 1965 and 1989, the annual number of MBAs (masters in business administration) jumped from 7,600 to 73,100. (4)Even so, our system has strengths. It boasts many top-notch schools and allows almost anyone to go to college. But mediocrity is pervasive. We push as many freshmen as possible through the door, regardless of qualifications. Because bachelors’ degrees are so common, we create more graduate degrees of dubious worth. Does anyone believe the MBA explosion has improved management? (5)You won’t hear much about this from college deans or university presidents. They created this mess and are its biggest beneficiaries. Large enrollments support large faculties. More graduate students liberate tenured faculty from undergraduate teaching to concentrate on writing and research: the source of status. Richard Huber, a former college dean, writes knowingly in a new book (“How Professors Play the Cat Guarding the Cream: Why We’re Paying More and Getting Less in Higher Education”): Presidents, deans and trustees ... call for more recognition of good teaching with prizes and salary incentives. (6)The reality is closer to the experience of Harvard University’s distinguished paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould: “To be perfectly honest, though lip service is given to teaching, I have never seriously heard teaching considered in any meeting for promotion... Writing is the currency of prestige and promotion.” (7)About four-fifths of all students attend state-subsidized systems, from community colleges to prestige universities. How governors and state legislatures deal with their budget pressures will be decisive. Private schools will, for better or worse, be influenced by state actions. The states need to do three things. (8)First, create genuine entrance requirements. Today’s low standards tell high school students: You don’t have to work hard to go to college. States should change the message by raising tuitions sharply and coupling the increase with generous scholarships based on merit and income. To get scholarships, students would have to pass meaningful entrance exams. Ideally, the scholarships should be available for use at in-state private schools. All schools would then compete for students on the basis of academic quality and costs. Today’s system of general tuition subsidies provides aid to well-to-do families that don’t need it or to unqualified students who don’t deserve it. (9)Next, states should raise faculty teaching loads, mainly at four-year schools. (Teaching loads at community colleges are already high.) This would cut costs and reemphasize the primacy of teaching at most schools. What we need are teachers who know their fields and can communicate enthusiasm to students. Not all professors can be path-breaking scholars. The excessive emphasis on scholarship generates many unread books and mediocre articles in academic journals. “You can’t do more of one (research) without less of the other (teaching),” says Fairweather. “People

are working hard – it’s just where they’re working.” (10)Finally, states should reduce or eliminate the least useful graduate programs. Journalism (now dubbed “communications”), business and education are prime candidates. A lot of what they teach can – and should – be learned on the job. If colleges and universities did a better job of teaching undergraduates, there would be less need for graduate degrees. (11)Our colleges and universities need to provide a better education to deserving students. This may mean smaller enrollments, but given today’s attrition rates, the number of graduates need not drop. Higher education could become a bastion of excellence, if we would only try. （分数：5.00）

(1).It can be concluded from Para.3 that the author was ______ towards the education. （分数：1.00）

A.indifferent B.neutral C.positive D.negative √

解析：[解析] 态度题。直接定位到第三段。由“bloated”，“too many”，“too little”和“ill-prepared”这些贬义词可看出作者对高等教育持否定态度。选项A、B、C均可排除，故选D。

(2).The following are current problems facing all American universities EXCEPT ______. （分数：1.00）

A.high dropout rates

B.low admission standards √ C.low undergraduate teaching loads D.explosion of graduate degrees

解析：[解析] 细节题。各个选项内容在第三段都能找到，但是细读“Except for elite schools, admission standards are low”，就会发现选项B是正确答案，因为这道题是说所有美国大学都面临的问题，而选项B提及的问题不包含那些精英大学，故选B。

(3).In order to ensure teaching quality, the author suggests that the states do all the following EXCEPT ______. （分数：1.00） A.set entrance requirements B.raise faculty teaching loads C.increase undergraduate programs √ D.reduce useless graduate programs

解析：[解析] 细节题。可用排除法。由第八、九、十段的首句主题句可排除选项A、B、D，唯有选项C未提及，故选C。

(4).“Prime candidates” in Para. 10 is used as ________. （分数：1.00） A.euphemism B.metaphor √ C.analogy D.personification

解析：[解析] 修辞题。作者使用典型的隐喻结构，直接把新闻学(如今被称为“传媒学”)，商业学以及教育学比作候选人。选项A：委婉语，直接使用文雅的表达取代另一个事物，不出现“are”，可排除。选项C：类比，是通过两种事物的一个相似性，来推导出另一个相似性，也可排除。选项D：拟人，是把事物人格化，将本来不具备人动作和感情的事物变成和人一样具有动作和感情的样子，也可排除。 (5).What is the author’s main argument in the passage? （分数：1.00） A.American education can remain excellent by ensuring state budget. B.Professors should teach more undergraduates than postgraduates. C.Academic standard are the main means to ensure educational quality. √ D.American education can remain excellent only by raising teaching quality.

解析：[解析] 观点题。选项A与作者的观点相反，在第三段作者明确提出“Costs can be cut”，可排除此选项。选项B原文未提及，只是说“states should raise faculty teaching loads”，并未提议教授

们多上本科生的课，少上研究生的课，也可排除。选项D：只要提高教学质量，美国的教育就能保持优秀，这一说法过于片面，文中也提到了提高入学标准等，可排除此选项。选项C：学术标准是确保教育质量的主要手段，这一说法符合原文，故选C。

四、SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (总题数：3，分数：16.00)

PASSAGE ONE（分数：4.00）

(1).From the description of the party preparation, what words can you see to depict Gatby’s party?（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Grand, extravagant and luxurious.)

解析：[解析] 由丰盛的饮食、豪华的乐队、熙熙攘攘的人群、忙碌的佣人等可看出，晚会极其奢华、盛大。 (2).How do you summarize the party scene in Para. 6?（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Different guests attended the party. /Girls moved around and became focus of attention.) 解析：[解析] 由“The groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath—already there are wanderers”可看出晚会盛大，来宾众多。由“weave here and there”“become for a sharp，joyous moment the center of a group and then excited with triumph glide”可看出女孩很轻浮，在挑逗人，成为被关注的中心。 PASSAGE TWO（分数：6.00）

(1).What do the cases of Target, Adobe and eBay in Para. 3 show? （分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Cyber attack is serious: data breaches are becoming bigger and more common.) 解析：[解析] 这三家公司的例子都是为了说明网络攻击的严重后果：资料泄露的普遍性和严重性。 (2).Why does the author say the task is becoming harder in Para. 7? （分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Cyber security faces multiple threats: online crime and espionage.) 解析：[解析] 第七段第一句说任务很艰巨，第二句话就解释了原因。 (3).What is the conclusion of the whole passage? （分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Adequate security protection should be given to cyberspace.)

解析：[解析] 结论出自最后一段，由最后一段第一句话可看出，作者希望这些系统有足够的安全保护，否则会受到黑客的攻击。 PASSAGE THREE（分数：6.00）

(1).What does the author mean by saying “Their case is weak” in Para. 2? （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(They may not be able to win their budget cut fight.)

解析：[解析] 此句话的含义出自上文，这句话是对上文的可能性的推测，即大学校长和院长想避免进一步的政府预算削减这件事。

(2).What does “grade inflation” in Para. 3 mean? （分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Schools have relaxed standards, and students get unnecessarily higher grades.) 解析：[解析] 含义可以从下文中的例子看出，因为学校标准的降低，1963年，有一半学生在哲学导论课中取得B的成绩——或者更低。而到1986年时，只有20%会这样，多数学生获得了A。这说明并不是学生水平提高了，而是学校标准降低了，使学生拿到了过高的分数。

(3).What does the author mean when he quotes Richard Huber in Para. 5? （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(People should pay more attention to good teaching.)

解析：[解析] 引用的目的是第五段最后一句话，通过奖品和薪酬激励给予良好教学更多认可，即重视教学质量，提高教学质量。

五、PART III LANGUAGE USAGE [15 MIN] (总题数：1，分数：10.00)

（分数：10.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(in → over )

解析：[解析] 该题属于介词搭配方面的错误。结合本句的主体内容——“甚至是在两个人的关系当中，一种文化生成发展起来”——可以看出，time在本句中要表达的意思应为“随着时间的发展”。短语in time的意思是“及时”，而介词over与time搭配，即over time，能够表达“在时间流逝期间”，与本句的主体内容契合。故该句应把in改为over。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(∧give→ that /which )

解析：[解析] 该题属于主从复合句句法成分残缺方面的错误。在本句中，首先，从整体内容上看，很明显customs是与history，shared experiences，language patterns，habits并列的名词，因此，句中的两个动词：develop和give的关系混乱，理不清主次，而在give前加上that或which可以使give成为修饰先行词history，shared experiences，language patterns，habits and customs的定语从句中的谓语动词，同时，整句意思也符合上下文含义。故该句应在give前加that或which。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(differs→ differentiates或去掉it)

解析：[解析] 该题属于词义和词形相近词用法方面的错误。尽管differ(不同，相异，有区别)和differentiate，(辨别，区别)在翻译成汉语时意思相近，但在英语的用法中，differ是不及物动词，须与介词from搭配后方可接宾语，例如：Harris adds that many of his views differ from those of his partner\"s.哈里斯补充说，他的许多观点与他合伙人的不一样；而differentiate是及物动词，其后可以直接跟宾语，例如：It\"s easy to differentiate the male birds from the female ones. 雄鸟和雌鸟很容易区分。故该句应把differs改为differentiates。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(the→去掉the )

解析：[解析] 该题属于限定词用法方面的错误。通读上文，可以看出，two individuals从未在上文中得到明确限定，即便是在第二句的开始部分even in two-person relationships中，也是泛指，因此，本句中two individuals前面的定冠词the并没有具体所指，起不到限定的作用。故该句应把two。前面的the去掉。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(same→common )

解析：[解析] 该题属于形容词用法方面的错误。在英语中，same一词的用法规定，除在个别口语表达的情况下，该词必须总是用在the，或this，that词之后，显然，此句中不具备，鉴于same的意思为“完全相同的，一样的”，所以可以考虑用具有相近意思的common(共同的)一词来替换。故该句应把same改为common。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(∧intimate→and )

解析：[解析] 该题属于做前置修饰语的形容词词序方面的错误。在本句中，同属一般描绘性形容词的complex和intimate两个词共同修饰代词one，两者之间并无修饰关系，根据英语中关于两个或两个以上形容词做前置修饰语时的词序规则，两个一般描绘性形容词并列使用时得用连词把它们隔开。故该句应在intimate前加and。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(it →which )

解析：[解析] 该题属于主从复合句句法成分残缺方面的错误。在本句中，通过理解句子的内容，可以看出，through后面的it实际指代the means of human interaction，如果保留it，则该句的句法结构混乱，而将it改为which，则一方面可使其作为定语从句的关系代词，指代the means of human interaction，另一方面也起到了补全本句中残缺的主从复合句句子成分的作用。故该句应把it改为which。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(than→去掉than )

解析：[解析] 该题属于副词搭配方面的错误。在本句中，It is not so much后面由that引导的从句与but rather后面由that引导的从句形成的关系，符合副词rather的用法之一，即...not...but rather...的结构，意为“不是……而是”。例如：The problem is not their lack of funding，but rather their lack of planning. 这个问题不是他们缺乏资金，而是缺乏计划。故该句应把rather后面的than去掉。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(have→preserve )

解析：[解析] 该题属于动词意义及用法方面的错误。在本句中，动词不定式短语to have and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another中的have只可能理解为“拥有”的意思，而have意为“拥有”时，应有明确的拥有者，此句明显不具备。结合对上下文的理解，此句实际需要表达的动词意思应为“保存和传承”，故该句应把have改为preserve。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(furthermore→therefore )

解析：[解析] 该题属于语篇理解方面的错误。本句作为本段的最后一句，从主体内容上看，具有总结的作用，而副词furthermore的意思是“此外；而且；不仅如此；更有甚者”，只有递进的作用，却起不到总结的作用，故该句应把furthermore改为therefore。

六、PART IV TRANSLATION [20 MIN] (总题数：1，分数：15.00)

1.流逝，表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。“子在川上曰：逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。 （分数：15.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(They have found that the flowing water, either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturally have a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by, no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn the later generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word.)

解析：[解析] 1.原文系散文体裁，描述了对流逝的时光的惶恐与紧迫感。文章语言优美凝练，句式比较工整，译者在翻译时需尤其注意要在充分理解原文的基础上进行翻译，仔细斟酌个别词的含义，翻译时注意词义的选择。 2.划线部分第一句中“无论……还是……”须用either...or...句式。其中“潺潺的小溪”译作murmuring stream，“浩荡的”可用vast，magnificent，vigorous或者mighty来形容，修饰river。 3.其中“(浩荡大河)一去不复返”须注意翻译的表达。由于原文系散文体裁，语言上保留了文学体裁的特征，因此译文的语言需要保证与原文语言风格的对等。在文学翻译中，形容“河流奔流”宜选用course(v.)一词，搭配有course on/along/down。 4.划线部分第一句在翻译课采用定语从句。将“流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感”作为从句翻译。其中“流逝”译作elapse(v.)最贴切。“错阴”宜理解为“错过光阴”，是对“流逝”的时光的再次强调。为了避免重复用词，“错阴”译作passing time。 5.划线部分第二句中“但无论如何缓慢”可译作however slow it is，或者no matter how slow it is。 6.“恐惧”不可译作terror或者horror，二者皆有“恐怖”的意思，此处的“恐惧”强调人们对时光流逝的惶恐与焦虑，选用anxiety fear较为贴切。 7.“警戒”的选词很重要，如用warn或者alarm则语气过于强烈，此处的“警戒”有“告诫”、“警惕”、“敦促”的意思，因此可译作alert，用alert sb. to doing sth. 表达“警惕某人某件事情”的意思。 8.其中“匆匆地行动”翻译时运用了词类转换的技巧。把“匆匆地”转化为英语中的形容词prompt，体现了英语静态语言的特点。 9.最后一行中“灌注“译作infuse, infuse sth. into sth. 将……注入……。“紧张感”译作sense of tension。此处采用定语从句，用which连接，保证句式的流畅性。

七、PART V WRITING [45 MIN](总题数：1，分数：20.00)

2.The following two excerpts are about Ice Bucket Challenge, an activity initiated to raise money and awareness for the disease ALS (渐冻症). From the excerpts, you can find that the activity seems to have achieved much success, but there have also been doubt and criticism. Write an article

of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the development of ice bucket challenge activity, and then express your opinion towards the activity, especially whether the problem found with this kind of activity will finally undermine its original purpose. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Excerpt 1 ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Takes U.S. by Storm In the last two weeks, the Ice Bucket Challenge? has quite literally “soaked” the nation. Everyone from Ethel Kennedy to Justin Timberlake has poured a bucket of ice water over his or her head and challenged others do the same or make a donation to fight ALS within twenty-four hours. Between July 29 and today, August 12, The ALS Association and its 38 chapters have received an astonishing $4 million in donations compared with $1.12 million during the same time period last year. The ALS Association is incredibly grateful for the outpouring of support from those people who have been doused, made a donation, or both. “We have never seen anything like this in the history of the disease,” said Barbara Newhouse, President and CEO of The ALS Association. With only about half of the general public knowledgeable about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the Ice Bucket Challenge is making a profound difference. Since July 29, The Association has welcomed more than 70,000 new donors to the cause. “While the monetary donations are absolutely incredible,” said Newhouse, “the visibility that this disease is getting as a result of the challenge is truly invaluable. People who have never before heard of ALS are now engaged in the fight to find treatments and a cure for ALS.” Excerpt 2 Ice bucket challenge: who’s pouring cold water on the idea? The ice bucket challenge has certainly raised awareness. Whether that’s primarily of the disease for which it is raising funds or the speed at which images of swimsuit-clad celebrities will go viral is a long-term question. More pertinent right now is whether or not the craze has reached a tipping point. As it lived by social media, so the ice bucket challenge could die by it. The state of California is currently experiencing one of the worst droughts on record. So gestures such as companies dousing their staff en masse in hundreds of gallons of icy water, come across more as wasteful PR exercises than charitable gestures – and are being called out as such on Twitter. There has been a similar reaction in China. Last week, protesters in drought-stricken Henan province raised empty red buckets over their heads, accompanied by the slogan “Henan, please say no to the ice bucket challenge”. China’s ministry for civil affairs, while broadly supportive, has warned citizens against the practice’s “entertainment and commercial tendencies”. But the real dampener could be the risk of bodily harm. Doctors around the world have warned of risks to elderly people, expectant mothers and people with heart conditions. （分数：20.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(参考范文 Challenge or Not Recently, the Ice Bucket Challenge has gone viral all over the world, particularly in the United States, with people posting videos of themselves online and on TV participating in the event. Despite the increase of the donation to fight ALS and more public concern, some are worried about the problems found with this kind of activities. What I have seen is that they have been inserted a sense of entertainment. Personally, I propose that charitable activities, if inserted with too much entertaining elements, will probably depart from their original intentions. This charitable blockbuster, luring hundreds of celebrities, politicians and athletes, has sparked millions of donations to ALS research and raised awareness of the disease. However, there are worries and different voices towards it. Environmentalists are concerned about the waste of water on the national level, while doctors warn people of the risks of being poured by icy water from the perspective of health. On the one hand, we have observed that the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge has rubbed some people the wrong way, especially as participants get caught up in the act of making videos rather than focusing on the essence of the charity itself. It is said that when Barack Hussein Obama took the challenge, the current American president chose

to make a donation of 100 dollars rather than pouring the icy water over his head. On the other hand, the original purpose of this activity is to provide aid and support for patients suffering from the disease. Accordingly, what we should focus on is whether the ALS association begins immediate funding for families in desperate need of home health care services and other care-related services. As a matter of fact, after a month in the spotlight, the much-hyped ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is finally starting to show signs of cooling down. Most things in moderation are healthy and lasting, and charitable activities are no different. We should always bear the core of charity in mind: being a dutiful citizen. )

解析：[写作辅导] 本次作文为材料作文。一共提供了两份材料，第一份材料介绍了“冰桶挑战赛”的由来以及在各地引起的狂热；第二份材料阐述了一些人士对此狂热产生的质疑以及批评。本次作文要求：1.首先概括冰桶挑战赛这次活动的情况；2.阐明自己对此次活动的态度，特别是就此次活动中产生的一些问题是否背离了活动举办的初衷，作者要阐述自己的立场。作文篇幅要求不少于300字。 本作文按照要求在第一段概括冰桶挑战赛这一活动的情况并表明对此次活动的态度：此活动演变成的狂热已经违背了活动发起的初衰；第二、三、四段就此活动提出了3个论据来阐述自己的观点：1.此活动造成珍贵的水资源的浪费；2.参与活动的名人们把活动变成了个人的广告宣传；3.活动造成参与者的受伤；第五段总结全文并再次表明作者的观点和立场。本作文自拟题目为《“冰桶挑战赛”之我见》。