汉语词类简称表
Abbreviations for Chinese parts of Speech
[ə,brivi'eʃən] 名词 代词 动词 助动词 能愿动词 形容词 数词 量词 副词 介词 连词 助词 叹词 拟声词 词头 词尾
语法术语表
(名) (代) (动) (助动) （能动） (形) (数) (量) (副) (介) (连) (助) 动态助词 结构助词 语气助词 (叹) (拟声) (头) (尾) noun pronoun ['pro,naʊn] verb Auxiliary verb [ɔɡ'zɪljəri, -'zɪləri] modal verb adjective numeral ['numərəl, 'nju-] quantifier ['kwɑntə,faɪɚ] adverb preposition conjunction particle aspect particle structural particle modal particle ['pɑrtɪkəl] interjection onomatopoeia[,ɑnə,mætə'piə, -,mɑtə-] Prefix ['pri,fɪks] Suffix ['sʌfɪks] measure word Grammatical Terminology [,təmə'nɑlədʒi] 主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语
(主) (谓) (宾) (定) (状) (补) subject predicate ['prɛdɪkɪt] object attribute [ə'trɪbjut] adverbial [əd'və:biəl] complement ['kɑmpləmənt] 1
汉语拼音简介
汉字是汉语的书写符号，拼音是汉字的注音符号。一个汉字对应一个音节，一个音节通常由三个部分组成：声母、韵母和声调。拼音系统中共有21个声母，36个韵母，两个半元音y、w，4个声调以及轻声。
Brief Introduction to Pinyin
Chinese characters are the writing symbols of Chinese language．And the Pinyin is the mark of phonetic notation for Chinese characters．Each character has a specific syllable.Each syllable is composed of three parts： initial，final，and tone.In the pinyin system there are 21 initials，36final，2 semi—vowels，4 tones and a neutral tone．
声调音高示意图 （要求会画） illustration of Tones
声调简介：声调是汉语的重点、难点之一，不同的声凋表示不同的意思。汉语中共有四个声调及轻声，并且有变调规则。
第一声：符号 ，高而平，自然地拉长读音，如：tāng(汤)。
第二声：符号 ，语音上扬，由低升高，如同提出疑问，如：táng(糖)。 第三声：符号 ，先降后升，语音较长，如：tǎng(躺)。
第四声：符号 ，语音下降，短促有力，如同非常愤怒，如：tàng(烫)。 轻 声：又轻又短的声调，没有符号，通常在词尾，如：māmɑ(妈妈)。
Introduction to Tones: Tone is a very important and difficult aspect of learning Chinese. Many characters have the same spelling in Pinyin but have different tones, therefore have different meanings.
There are four tones and one neutral tone in Chinese.
There are some basic tone rules, sometimes tones can change depending on the tones of the
adjacent words
The first tone: marked by , high and flat sound, naturally prolonged, e.g.tāng (soup). The second tone: marked by , rising tone, from Iow to high, like making a question, e.g. táng (sugar).
The third tone: marked by , a comparatively long tone failing first and then going up, e.g. tǎng (to lie down).
The fourth tone: marked by , a falling tone, short and strong, as if in fury e.g. tàng (boiling hot).
The neutral tone: light and short, no mark, usually at the last syllable 0f a word or a phrase, e.g. māmɑ (mother).
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三声变调规则：
当两个第三声音节连在一起时，前面的第三声音节读成半升。如：níhǎo (你好)
但当第三声音节和第一、第二、第四声音节连在一起时，前面的第三声音节读成半上。如： hěnxīn (很新) hěnlán (很蓝) hěnlǜ (很绿)
Rules of tone changes:
A third tone， when immediately followed by another third tone, should be pronounced as a half rising tone， e.g. nǐhǎo——níhǎo (hello)
But while immediately followed by a first， second or fourth tone， a third tone should be pronounced as a half failing tone. hěnxīn —— hěnxīn ( very new) hěnlán —— hěnlán (very blue) hěnlǜ —— hěnlǜ (very green)
注意“一”的变调。Pay attention to the tone changes of“yī”. 1）单念、在词句末尾或人名中念第一声：
“yī”by itself, at the end or a phrase or a sentence, or in a name, is read in the first tone.
2）在第四声前念第二声：
“yī”, when followed by a syllable in fourth tone, is read in the second tone.
3）在第一、第二、第三声前念第四声：
“yī”, when followed by a syllable in the first,second or third tone, is read in the fourth tone.
注意“不”的变调。Pay attention to the tone changes of“bù”. 1）单念、在第一、第二和第三声前念第四声：
“bù”, by itself, or followed by a syllable in the first, second or third tone, is read in the fourth tone.
2）在第四声前念第二声：
“bù”, when by a syllable in the fourth tone, is read in the second tone.
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拼写规则
1．韵母i，in，ing和u单独表示一个音节时，前面分别加上y和w，成为yi，yin，ying和wu。 如：yī(一)和wǔ(五)。
2．以i和u开头的复韵母单独表示一个音节时，分别要将i和u改写成y和w。 如：iě→yě(也)和uǒ→wǒ(我)。
3．当声母j，q，x和韵母ü或是以ü开头的复韵母出现在同一个音节中时，ü上的两点要省略。 4，当y和ü出现在同一个音节中时，ü上的两点也要省略。韵母ü或是以ü开头的韵母单独表示一个音节时，ü改写为yu。
5．韵母iou，uei，uen在拼写时，当中的字母要省略，即写成iu，ui，un。
6．在声母i上标声调时，要将上面的点去掉，直接标声调。此外，在复韵母的情况下，声调通常都标在最主要的韵母字母上。依次顺序为ɑ、o、e、i、u 、ü，如果有ɑ就标在ɑ上，没有就找o，以此类推。
7．韵母er可以用在某些汉字音节的后面，形成一种特有的语音现象。在书写时，直接在这些音节后加r。如：huā(花)——huār(花儿)。
8.当以ɑ、o、e开始的音节和其他音节连用时，为了把音节各自区别开，需用隔音符(’)隔开。如：piào(票)——pí’ǎo(皮袄)。
9.声母z，c，s，zh，ch，sh，r和韵母i组成音节时，i只代表前面声母的舌尖前元音或者舌尖后元音，在形式上组成完整的音节，本身不再发i的音。 Rules of Pinyin spelling
1. When the finals i，in，ing and u form syllables by themselves，y and w should placed before them respectively to make it yi，yin，ying and wu. For example，yī(one) and wǔ(five).
2. When the finals that begin with i or u form syllables by themselves，i or u should be written as y or w. For example， yě(also) and wǒ(I，me). 3. When ü or finals that begin with ü meets the initial j， q， or x，the two dots above ü(the umlaut) should be omitted.
4. When ü meets y，the two dots above(the umlaut ['umlaut] (日耳曼语系中的)元音变音)
should be omitted. When ü or finals that begin with ü forms a syllable itself，the ü should be written as yu.
5. Compound finals iou， uei and uen are written as iu， ui and un respectively. 6. The tone symbols should be marked above the finals. When the final is a compound
one，the tone symbol is usually marked above the main vowel，according to the order ɑ、o、e、i、u 、ü，for instance，if there is an ɑ，then just above ɑ， if not，then see if there is an o，and so on. When the tone symbol is marked above the dot above i should be taken off.
7. Final er can be placed after some syllables to make it a special kind of pronuncia tion. In written， r directly follows other syllables. For example，huā(flower)—— huār(flower).
8. The syllable-dividing mark( ' ) is used to separate two syllables when the secnnd syllable begins with ɑ， o or e. For example， piào (ticket) -- pí’ǎo ( leather jacket). 9. The i in zi， ci， si， zhi， chi， shi， ri， is not pronounced as i. The i just stands for the initial blade-alveolar or blade-palatal vowel sound that follows the consonant z， c， s， zh， ch， sh， r， and makes the syllable complete in form.
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1/2.朗读下列音节/词语，注意声母和韵母的发音。Read the following syllables/ words. 1)注意下列声母的发音。
Pay attention to the pronunciation of the initials. 2)注意下列韵母的发音。
Pay attention to the pronunciation of the finals. 3)注意下列词语的声调。 Pay attention to the tones. 4)注意下列词语中的轻声
Pay attention to the neutral tones. 5)注意第三声的变调。
Pay attention to the 3rd tone changes. 6)注意下列词语中“r”的发音
Pay attention to the retroflex finals.
3．完成对话。Complete the following dialogues. 4．课堂活动。Practice in class.
教具准备：声母、韵母以及四声卡片。
1)声母韵母练习：老师手持卡片，请学生读出卡片上的声母或韵母。
2)声母韵母拼读：老师一手持声母，一手持韵母。请学生读出以下音节： ni hao xie bu ke qi dui mei guan xi zai jian
3)声调的辨认：
学生手持四声的卡片，老师读出拼音；学生辨认四声，举起相应的卡片。
第一组 第二组 第三组 第四组 听力：
1．填上正确的韵母。
Listen for the finals and complete for the following syllables. 2．选择正确的声调。
Listen and choose the correct tone. 3．选择正确的音节。
Listen and choose the correct syllable. 4．选择正确的韵母。
Listen and choose the correct final.
1．选出你听到的声母。
Listen and choose the correct initial. 2．选出你听到的音节。
Listen and choose the correct syllable. 3．听对话，填音节。
Listen to the dialogue and complete with Pinyin.
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汉字简介：
众所周知，汉字是方块字，汉字的笔画是现代汉字构成的最小结构单位。学写汉字，就要掌握汉字的笔画。汉字的基本笔画，有如下几种：
It is known to all,chinese characters are in the shape of square.And strokes are the smallest units of morden chinese characters.So before one learns to write characters.One has to be familiar with these strokes.The basic strokes are as follows: 笔画 （stroke） 名称 （name） 横 竖 撇 捺 提 点 书写要领 （way of writing） 平 horizontally flat 直 vertically straight 平滑，稍软 softly smooth 平滑，稍软 softly smooth 从左下向斜上方 dot from bottom-left to top-right 短小 short and little dot
偏旁Components
有一些汉字是由两部分组成的，一部分和读音有关，我们称之为声旁；另一部分和意思有关，我们称之为形旁。在汉语里这样的字称为形声字，而声旁和形旁我们一般统称为偏旁。学习偏旁的意义在于帮助分析汉字的结构，有利于更好地理解汉字结构，从而更好地增强记忆。
Some chinese characters ore composed of two parts. One part, indicating the pronunciation of the character, is called phonetic radical. And the other part, indicating the meaning of the character, is called meaning radical. This kind of characters is called picto-phonograms. Meaning radicals and phonetic radicals are jointly called components. To learn components can help one to analyze, to understand and to memorize the structure of characters.
指事字
Indicative Characters
汉字中除了形声字还有一类，它们由抽象的符号组成，或者在象形符号上加指示示性符号。我们称这类汉字为指事字。
Besides picto-phonograms, the indicative character is another kind of Chinese characters. Indicative characters are composed of abstract symbols or indicative symbols together with pictograms.
Exercises
“上”意为on，over，above，猜猜“下”是什么意思? “上”means on, over, above. Then guess what “下”means?
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汉字中除了形声字、指事字，还有一些汉字是根据事物大概的样子，用线条描画实物的形状而来的，我们称此类汉字为象形字。
Pictogram is aisc a kind of Chinese characters. And strokes in o character of this k nd are meant to draw the shape of the things they represent.
口
火 门
心
有些笔画必须连接在其他笔画后才能形成，就是复合笔画，如“折”（乛）和“钩”（ ） The strokes that must be attached to some other strokes are called dependent strokes. And zhé ( ) and ~gōu ( ) are dependent strokes.
形声字picto-phonograms
我们已经了解了形声字以及形旁和声旁的概念。形声字在汉字中占了绝大部分。本课我们将对形声字的声旁、形旁做进一步的了解。
We have already known picto-phonograms， meaning radlcals and phonetic radicals．Most Chinese Characters ave picto-phonograms．In this lesson we will learn more obout meaning radicals and phonetic radicals.
声旁phonetic radicals 形旁meaning radicals
将下列汉字按其形旁归类。
Classify the following characters by meaning radicals.
根据划线部分提问题。
Ask questions about the information underlined.
用下列词语填空。
Complete the following dialogues with the words given.
以下是三个口字旁的字，口字旁的汉字多和口腔的动作有关。
Characters with the radical 口refer to mouth. 请在我们学过的汉字中，找出一个言字旁的汉字。
Find the character with radica 讠from the words you have learned.
4.替换练习。
Substitute the words given for the words underlined.
5.仿照例句，用“也”改写句子。
Follow the example, rewrite the sentences using “yě”. 6.数字练习 Numbers 1）请读出下列数字。
Read the following nnumbers. 2)根据汉语拼音写出汉字。
Write down the corresponding numerals.
7.根据图案完成对话。
Complete the dialogues according to the picture.
8.课堂活动。Practice in class. 1.听写数字。
Listen and write the numbers you heard. 2.听录音，给下列音节标声调。
Listen to the tape, and give the tones of the following syllables. 3.听对活，选择正确答案。 Listen and choose the correct answer.
Arabic
Exercises
1.写汉字Write Characters.
2.找出下列每对词相同的偏旁。Tell the same components of each pair of characters.
3.选词填空
Complete the dialogues with the words given.
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