Gorge Bernard Shaw is an outstanding English realistic playwright in the early 20th century. He has created 51 plays in his life among which Pygmalion is one of the welcomed plays. Bernard Shaw portrays Eliza as the representative of the lower-class and Higgins of the upper-class. Both of them have great language talent, independent personality, and they hold the same view on the importance of personal efforts. However, different living circumstance and social environment make them have different attitudes towards others and love. At last Eliza departs from Higgins and turns more independent in behavior and ideology. “As a member of Fabian society, whose aim is to influence government and affect policy by permeation rather than by direct power” [1]Bernard Shaw fully embodies his Fabianist ideas, which show that no matter how the lower-class makes effort; they cannot infiltrate the upper-class.
Bernard Shaw lives in a special time. The flourishing of capitalism brings the terrible poverty to the workers. He treads into society early and knows better about the social conditions and the sufferings of the lower-class. The title of the play is an allusion to the Greek myth, a king of Cyprus, Pygmalion, famous for his sculpture, falls in love with an irony statue of a beautiful woman he makes. The goodness of beauty, Aphrodite, brings the statue to life. The Pygmalion of Shaw is a phonetician who completes the transformation of an image of a fashionable lady. Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw based on the reality, excludes myth prototype in contrast to myth prototype. But it is not just a mythic work; it is a display of social reality. All of these show eloquence which bourgeoisie advertise is just a mask.
Eliza was born in a poor family. She lacks the warmth of family and education. She makes her living by selling flowers. Though the life is straitened, she can live on her own labor. She came into the experiment for her dream. She shows her self-respect and strong mind in the whole experiment and becomes the princess of people’s mind. Through the description, the attitude of Bernard Shaw is obvious. The upper-class is nothing but has the better education and speaking more elegant language. On the contrary, the soul of lower-class is more pure.
The end of the 19th century was a period in which ideas of social reform flourished and multiplied. The author’s irreversible
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Fabianist ideas which claim that “one who is respectable respects oneself and who is humble humbles oneself” has been shown in Pygmalion. Higgins is placed in the respectable position. He does anything at his pleasure including abusing Eliza. Eliza is poor; nevertheless, she is reluctant to live a life being ordered about and ill-treated spiritually by others, and want to return to her original life. Bernard Shaw considers that the lower-class infiltrating the upper-class is just a fantasy. The final arrangement of Eliza can be only leave the upper-class.
This paper intends to analyze the similarities and distinctions between Eliza and Higgins from several aspects, so as to explore the root cause of the distinction. The current thesis is to through the analysis, it concludes that Eliza and Higgins have the similar factor to be respect and successful. But because the social status, they have different fate. Therefore, the theme of the novel is to be reconfirmed.
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Chapter One The study of the similarities between Eliza and
Higgins
Eliza and Higgins come from two different social statuses. But it is not hard to find the similarities which lead to their success. They have similar language talent, and both of them have independent personality. Besides, they hold the same view on the importance of personal efforts.
1.1 Similarity in language talent
Accent as an index of social standing was much more powerful in the England of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The upper-class is evidently proud of the decent phonetics, and look down upon the lower-class and their language. The lower-class always removes the obstacles of language to become more decent and stride across the demarcation line of social stratus. So the level of mastering standard language has close relationship with their social stratus and being respected or not. The two protagonists in Pygmalion both have the great language talent.
Higgins, as a professional phonetician his good education and higher position is embodied by his Standard English.
„and I will take it down first in bell’s visible speech; then in broad Romic; and then we'll get her on the phonograph so that you can turn her on as often as you like with the written transcript before you .[2]
On the one hand, the terminologies, “bell’s visible speech”, “broad Romic”, and “transcript”, are all the declaration of his professional knowledge. On the other hand, they show he can use language flexibly. He is the author of Higgins Universal Alphabet, and can distinguish one hundred and thirty distinct vowel sounds. He has the great talent and judgment in language. At the same time of taking the shelter from the rain, he takes down the special sound and tells correctly the place where the speakers come from. He is sensitive about the surroundings. He cannot put up with sculling the holly English in any form. So when he hear Eliza’s local accent, he looks down upon her. English is in such a high position in British. Higgins’ language is enough to show his language talent. So he receives much respect from the society. However, the other character has the similar language talent in the novel, but has different fate.
Eliza, who is a London flower-girl, who speaks uncultured, incorrect English, becomes a fashionable lady within six months’ training. It not only needs Higgins’ good command of English and his
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teaching ability, but also Eliza’s sharp perceptions in language. In the opening of the Act, Eliza often uses spoken language and slang. She uses “aint” rather than “am”, and uses “her” instead of “she”, and makes “Ah-ow-oo-ooh” this kind of cynical remark frequently. All these words vividly show her lower position in the society. However, she can speak English with a pure London accent through three months’ learning from the phonetician. To Eliza, to learn English is a hard work. It seems impossible, but she makes it become a fact. After learning, her grammar and pronunciation are standard, and others cannot find any trace of lower-class. This is the irony of the nobles who consider language as the symbol of class difference, but most of them cannot speak it so well.
The play has always been a success. Shaw conveys his conviction that the real transformation of Eliza could not have been made by changing Eliza could not have been made by changing Eliza’s speech sounds. Instead of language, the economic and social status takes the important role. Gorge Bernard Shaw wants to show the fact that reality deviates from the principle through the two characters’ language talent.
1.2 Similarity in dependent personality
It is a poor family that Eliza lives in, and in this family she lacks of warm and education. She makes her living by selling flowers. Though the life is straitened, she can earn her leaving. The toilsome life cultivates her independent personality, and makes her have the special view towards life.
It seems that Eliza was controlled by Higgins in the whole play, just like a toy which is dictated by. In Mrs. Higgins’ at-home party and the garden party, Eliza just can do the things with Higgins’ expression of eyes. But she keeps her independence in her mind consistently. At ActⅠ,when writes down her sounds, she refuses to be disturbed and warns “let him mind his own business and leave a poor girl”[3] she emphasizes that she is a good girl rapidly to show that she is a self-respect girl and can make her own living by her hands, but not her appearance. In her mind she is in the same status as those Miss. and Mrs. in upper-class. After the experiment, Eliza was once perplexed. She does not know where she should go. Because Eliza thinks that Higgins completely ignores her existence, her feeling and her future, she accuses him of only using her as an instrument of his research and turning her into a person fit for nothing. In the end, she leaves Higgins to marry Freddy, a boy from a declining upper-class family. This is a big step she strides. Before
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her meeting Higgins, Eliza can earn by selling flowers. After that she could not go back to the original life, however, she can also live by other ways. The important point is that her mind keeps independent from the beginning to the end.
Higgins is a likeable eccentric person in Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion. He is born in the upper-class, but not always behaves himself. He is not a person who strictly observes the rules perfectly. The reason is that he has independent personality. He always swears, which make many critics think he is far from a gentleman. As Guo Qunying concludes “Shaw ridicules the foolishness of the smilingly noble upper-class society.”[4] However, it is his independent personality that makes him do what he wants to do. So he can pay much attention to his phonetic experiment. It is an important factor which leads him to success.
Generally speaking, both Eliza and Higgins have independent personality. But their fate is different. Higgins enjoys his high prestige. Nevertheless, Eliza becoming a duchess is just a dream. 1.3 Similar view on the importance of personal efforts
Though Higgins comes from the upper class and he has much more superiority Higgins than Eliza in many aspects. No one is unearned and Higgins is not a exception either. In the first act, in spite of others’ surmise and derision, he takes notes of the particular sounds from a young lady. We can see that he brings his job to anywhere including the shelter from the rain. In the process of the experiment, he tries his best to teach a flower girl who cannot say A, B, C, and D. Higgins begins by oversimplifying the pronunciation. He has to take care of her grammar and vocabulary. But “a new and enlarged vocabulary means new experiences and ideas, and thus involves education in the larger sense the training of mind and sensibility, of character and personality” He always cares about nothing, but he becomes very strict in the experiment. Though he knows he has no small talk, he goes to his mothers’ home-party for his experiment. He pays much attention to Eliza’s words and behavior. At last he is successful. Besides his professional knowledge, it needs his personal efforts.
We can see Eliza’s view on the importance of personal effort more obviously. When she takes shelter from the rain, Eliza comes across Higgins. “Well, sir, in three months I could pass that girl off as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party. I could even get her a place as lady's maid or shop assistant, which requires better English.” Higgins says these words unintentionally, but Eliza wants to change her poor life, she is eager to be a lady’s maid or shop assistant
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more than a flower girl. She does not stay at her original position, but goes to Higgins’ with her money and respect, just for a better job through her efforts.
When Eliza goes to Higgins’, she is refused. Nevertheless, she does not give up. She tries to persuade Higgins to accept her as his student. Eliza’s active attitude is a necessary factor. It gives Higgins more confidence to win the bet. To speak the Standard English is not easy for a flower girl who always with her Kerbstone English. She needs to practice her tongue again and again. As the last sentence in ActⅡ “and that is the start of ordeal poor Eliza has to go through for months”. At Mrs. Higgins’ at-home party and the garden party, Eliza fully Show her elegant words and manner. Though she knows that all the glory is just a dream, and when she wakes up everything will have gone. “She is so intent on her ordeal that she walks like a somnambulist in a dessert in stead of debutantes in a fashionable crowd”. After the party, she does not want to be a toy of Higgins any more. She refuses the rich life with Higgins and decides to search for her new life.
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Chapter two The study of the distinctions between Eliza and Higgins
As the representative writer of English criticism, Bernard Shaw exposes the hypocritical democracy of upper-class. The play is a poignant satire on high life. Here refined bourgeois aristocrats are mocked while a simple flower-girl is lovingly portrayed by the author. In Pygmalion, the two protagonists come from different social class, and have the distinctions in the same things. Especially they have the different attitude towards others and love, and they have different change after the experiment. 2.1 Different attitude towards others
Different attitude towards others incarnates the person’s view and personality. Eliza and Higgins come from two different statuses and have the different attitude towards others. 2.1.1 True and honest attitude of Eliza
Bernard Shaw portrays Eliza as the representative of women’s right in the lower-class society. She demands to be treated equally and in return she treats others with her true and honest attitude.
When Eliza takes Higgins for a plainclothes copper, she confirms she is a good girl and has rights to sell flower and her words are filled with righteous indignations. “He’s no right to take away my character my character is the same to me as any lady’s” Though she is a lower-class girl, she does not fell inferior to others. Eliza’s rebuke shows that everyone is equal in dignity, and people should treat others with true and honest attitude. Even though she knows better that the two people from different status cannot have the same feelings, she takes Higgins and Pickering as her friends. Freddy who is weak and poor can make her happy, she does not discard him and regard him as the king. She has seen her life clearly and known what she should do. So she does not get confused anymore. In the last conversation with Higgins, she mentions her expectation about the relationship among people. “What I did was not for the dresses and taxis; I did it because we pleasant and...And not forgetting the difference between
us, but friendly like.”
2.1.2 Arrogant and hypocritical attitude of Higgins
As Eliza comments, Higgins is a cold man. As the same time of molding the figure of Higgins, Bernard Shaw removes the mask from the gentlemen of upper-class with by arrogance and hypocrisy.
Higgins’ displeased character is originated from his extremely self-important doctrine, especially the unconcerned attitude toward
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Eliza. He teaches Eliza only for the bet with Pickering and the deep love for phonetics. He never cares about the feeling of Eliza. He takes controlling Eliza for granted. Though Eliza speaks the upper-class language, wears the gorgeous clothes and ornaments, she is still an inferior girl in his mind. “A woman who utters such depressing and disgusting sounds has no right to be any where, no right to live”; “for the fun of it. That’s why I took you on”; “commercial principles”13. This is the dialogue of Higgins’ coming on the stage in Pygmalion. In Higgins’ mind Eliza has no self-respect. She is something that belongs to him; she has no right to leave him. The democracy of bourgeoisie is so hypocritical in Bernard Shaw’s mind. At the same time, it is easy to see Bernard Shaw’s Fabinist ideas. Higgins is not only a character who looks down upon the lower-class people; he treats the upper-class arrogantly too. Act III begins with the reckless behavior of Higgins. Higgins opens the door violently and he enters with his hat on. Then he throws the hat down on the table. Even his mother is dismayed with him. He has offended all her friends. And they stop coming whenever they meet him. He is not care of others, but he finds the excuse: people do not mind. When Higgins meets Mrs. Eynsford Hill, he is glum and makes no movement in her direction, even backs against the piano and bows brusquely. Only from this series of action, we can see, Higgins is far from a gentleman. Bernard Shaw does not use a word to expose his arrogance and hypocrisy, but the description of stage action gives the reader deep enlightenment. 2.2 Different attitude to love
Love is a kind of sincere feeling, which comes from the inner heart of people. Love is pure and sacred. However, two protagonists have different attitude to love in the novel. 2.2.1 Eliza, pursuing true love
In the play, Eliza is an actual woman who is full of feelings and thoughts for love and life. The unadorned feature of lower-class people is totally realized by this character.
As soon as Eliza becomes conscious of her position, she leaves her “creator”, and seeks the independent life and love on the equal base. In her mind, every girl has a right to be loved and she needs a little kindness.
2.2.2 Higgins, indifference to love
Bernard Shaw takes “Pygmalion” as the title again; we can see the vestige of the original copy, especially, the similar attitude towards love. To some extent, Higgins abhors women as Pygmalion. However, He pays no heed to other women except his mother. As what
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he says “I shall never get into the way of seriously liking young women: some habits lie too deep to be changed.”14
Higgins does not think that he is a man of good character who women are concerned. He finds that the moment he makes friends with a woman, she becomes jealous, exacting, suspicious, and a damned nuisance. Moreover, women upset everything and women want to live their own life; and men want theirs; and each tries to drag the other on the wrong track. One wants to go north and the other south; and the result is that both have to go east, though they both hate the east wind. So he insists to be a old bachelor.
In Pygmalion, Higgins is a thorough idealist. He puts consummation as the precondition of everything. In fact, it cannot be realized in any real human nature. Bernard Shaw gives a vivid picture of upper status’s hypocrisy. Higgins treats Eliza as an instrument of his research. Even she is beautiful and elegant. He always ignores her feelings. But when Eliza decides to marry Freddy, he realizes that he has fallen in love with Eliza, breaking into laughter of despair. 2.3 Different changes after the experiment
The experiment is a main clue in Pygmalion. It mainly relates what happens before the experiment, in the experiment, and after the experiment. 2.3.1 Eliza, from an inferior flower-girl to a self-reliance resister
Eric Bentleley regards Pygmalion as a work that has the connotation of creating the independent personality philosophy. Eliza changes herself not only from her appearance but also her inner world.
Eliza is driven out of their house early by her parents. Living is her first aim and she has no time and energy to dress her up. She is so horrible dirty in Higgins’ eyes. Compare with this, she becomes a dainty and exquisitely clean young lady. Doolittle, Higgins, and Pickering are shocked by her appearance, and exclaiming simultaneously “Bly me! It’s Eliza!”, “What’s that! This!”, “By Jove!”15
Bernard Shaw makes Eliza come to the reality from the dream, and it displays the author’s effort to explore female self-creation. At last, Eliza has seen clearly that the status which she and Higgins represent. They cannot have the same feelings. She goes after the equality, and care about each other, but the fact conflicts with it. Hence, she decides to break off with them. She has gone through all kinds of transformation and disillusionment, but finally she struggles from the contradiction, which displays her identity. In ActⅤ, we can see she knows clearly what she wants. She will never give
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up. In the last part of the play, Higgins uses his own way to affirm Eliza’s mature. “You and I and Pickering will be three old bachelors together instead of only two men and a silly girl”16. 2.3.2 Higgins, no apparent change
Compared with Eliza, Higgins has no apparent change. Higgins is the representative of the upper status. His arrogance, coldness, and maltreatment are completely exposed to us through the play. Before the experiment, he calls Eliza baggage, squashed cabbage leaf, heatless guttersnipe. He never thinks the lower-class have feelings, even though they have strong felling such as self-respect.
Higgins relays on Eliza in some extent, while Eliza changes from appearance to the inner world. But it is just a plunder to Eliza’s freedom. He is still cold, arrogant, and hypocritical. Everyone praise Eliza as a princess, but in Higgins’ eyes, she is an ordinary London girl out of the gutter for ever. He cannot change his nature, and he does not intend to change his manner. He thinks that he can do anything without anybody’s help. He has his own soul: his own spark of divine fire. He does her work without caring anything what happens to either of them.
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Chapter Three The Root Cause of The Distinction
Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion comes from an old myth; nevertheless it not just stops on the apparent meaning, but displays the serious theme. That is no matter how the lower-class makes effort, they cannot infiltrate the upper-class. We can see Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion focuses on the difference of social status, so as to explore the hypocritical democracy of the bourgeoisie. Eliza and Higgins have some similarities which should be respect and can make them get the higher position in the society. However, they do not have the same treatment in fact. This chapter is the root cause of the distinctions mainly contains two aspects: different living circumstance and different social environment.
3.1 Different living circumstance affecting their character
Everyone can be molded by the living circumstance more or less, and Eliza and Higgins are not the exception. So long as we learn the living circumstance, we do not surprise the character of them.
Eliza is a poor flower girl who is driven out by her parents when she is very young. She has to sell flower for her living. Her companions ridicule her when they have chance. In such a condition, she has to become independent and tries her best to protect herself. However, she is just a young lady; she cannot change her living condition by her own hands. This is the description of her lodging: a small room with very old wallpaper hanging loose in the damp places. A broken pane in the window is mended with paper„”17even such a place is with the rent: four shillings a week. When she is chronically weary after a whole day’s selling flower, and kicks off her shoes and gets into bed without any further change. She is dirty in Higgins’ eyes, but she still pursues her ideals and grows up in the process of transformation and disillusionment. Because of the economic position, she has to ask the help from the upper-class, even if she knows that she is just an experiment item. She fells the indifference from the upper-class, but she still struggles to leave. After the experiment, she makes up her mind to depart with Higgins, because she realizes that the two kinds of people cannot have the same feelings. Something more important still is involved. Suppose that Eliza, through the miracle of Higgins’ devoted teaching and coaching, becomes a passable duchess, what then? How can a duchess live on a flower-girl’s income? Eliza herself is very much conscious of this matter. In ActⅥ, she finds that she has floated out of her social status and has been beached high and far above her economic situation.
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Higgins is a famous phonetician, and receives the bourgeois democratic education. He is always at a commanding position. He cares nothing except his phonetics. He is more than an expert in language. Moreover the problem that he set himself turns out to be more complex than he has imagined. He obviously has not really thought about Eliza’s position—to tell her that a clear and pretty girl ought to have no troubles in getting married to a suitable husband. But Eliza refuses to accept such a solution. Even if he is such an arrogant man, people respect him. For instance, Pickering, it seems that he cares much about Eliza. But in fact, he is a conspirator of Higgins. Higgins is a phonetician with lots of abuse while he looks down upon Eliza’s language. Self-importance is deeply rooted in his mind. So he is just doing the things according to his own taste, never cares about others’ felling.
3.2 Social environment affecting their thoughts
Bernard Shaw is a realistic writer; Pygmalion also has the realistic tendentiousness. Shaw lives in a reformative age. The prosperous capitalism leads to the terrible poverty of the lower-class. The movement of labor class brings Marxism. Bernard Shaw understands and accepts this theory in his own way. It impels him to take the economic problem as the social problem, and it is a problem that nobody can avoid.
Bernard Shaw thinks that everyone has their own fixed position in the society. If they do not have economic infrastructure, becoming an upper-class is just fantasy.
Eliza and Higgins are the sharp contrast in Pygmalion. When she brings her tuition and self-respect to ask for teaching, Higgins refuses her mercilessly. Because he looks down upon those who are poor and thinks she cannot afford him. But he is interested in phonetic experiment very much, so he accepts Pickering’s bet and compels Eliza to be the experiment item. So the “created Eliza” is branded with the commercial flavor by money and reputation. The creation is the mechanical reproduction, which is full of industrial scent. “This is an age of upstarts. Men begin in Kentish Town with £80 a year, and end in Park Lane with a hundred thousand. They want to drop Kentish tone; but they give themselves away every time they open their mouths. Now I can teach them”18. Higgins teaches many students besides Eliza. His job is to give the local accent to cover up their class origin. He just put different material into the same mould, and the result is almost same. In such a condition, Eliza was reproduced ruthlessly and mechanically.
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Though Fabianist ideas have revolutionary quality, they fail to grasp the necessity of a revolutionary reconstruction of the world; they are very weak and always compromised. Eliza appears incapable in the presence of Pygmalion. She suffers, but does not know why they suffers; she seeks a way out, but does not know where the way is; so she asks help for the rich man, but the rich take advantage of her poverty and senseless to dally with her and give the way she does not what to. In those complicated scenes, Eliza likes a card of Higgins’ hands. On the other hand, it is Eliza who is a common flower girl teases the upper-class. Because it is not her first time. She has done this for fifty hundreds times, in her little piggery in Angel court in her day-dreams. But for Pickering and Higgins, it is the first time battle. It is the first time that frightens. Eliza just has a dream, but leaves immense imagination, criticism, imitation, and guesswork which break away their original psychological imbalance, so as to present their colors. All these are that jeers at the upper-class.
Pygmalion amounts the political tract on the English structure. Shaw’s exposure of the capitalist society is very significant and it places him among the most important representatives of critical realism in modern English literature.
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Conclusion
This paper gives a detailed analysis about the similarities and the distinctions between Eliza and Higgins. The two characters in Pygmalion have similar factor to be respect and successful. But because the social status, they have different fate.
They have similar language talent, and both of them have independent personality. Besides, they hold the same view on the importance of personal efforts. But because of the social status, they behave different in some aspects. They have the different attitude towards others and love. After the experiment, Eliza grows into a self-reliance resister from an inferiority flower girl. But Higgins remains self-important. This paper analyzes the root cause of the distinction. Different living circumstances affect their character and different social environment affects their thoughts. At last, Eliza leaves Higgins because of the differences in social strata. Eliza turns more independent in behavior and ideology. Through the analysis, the theme of the novel, that is, no matter how the lower-class makes effort, they cannot infiltrate the upper-class can be conclude.
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Notes
[1]
Margaret Drabble, The Oxford Companionto English Literature. London: Oxford
University Press, 1993, P.335
[2]
Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion. Trans. Yang Xianyi. 北京：中国对外翻出版社译，1982，
P.44
[3]
Ibid., P.26
Guo Qunying, British Literature. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and
[4]
Reasearch Press, 2001, P.222
Cleanth Brooks, An Approach to Literature. New Jersey: Prentice-hall, inc,
Engllewood cliffs, 1967, P.739
Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion. Trans. Yang Xianyi. 北京：中国对外翻译出版社，1982,
P.28
Ibid., P.224 Ibid., P.164 Ibid., P.22 Ibid., P.244 Ibid., P.26 Ibid., P.240
131415161718
Ibid., P.238 Ibid., P.120 Ibid., P.102 Ibid., P.250 Ibid., P.34 Ibid., P.26
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