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无灵主语句

来源:伴沃教育
英语里主语常用人称和非人称两种形式来表达。用非人称主语表达时,往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”。而汉语则较常用人称主语表达,侧重“什么人怎么样了”。 如1. A terrible thought suddenly struck me—had I locked the door? 我突然产生了一个可怕的想法——我锁门了吗?

例2.A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。

英语中非人称作主语的句子主要有两种类型:

a非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject),表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)表示人或社会团体的动作和行为,如:see,desert,find,bring,witness,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,serve,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,prevent…from等,这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)的修辞色彩(如上面两个例句)。 b用非人称代词“it”作主语

例如:It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 译文:我从没有想到她会这样的不诚实。

英语中的这类句子具备着含蓄幽默、生动活泼、客观公正、简洁凝练、句型多样等特点,所以使用广泛。但是由于汉、英两种语言属于不同的语系,所以在翻译这种无灵主语句时,要考虑到英语的思维方法,然后转换为汉语的思维方法,把句子的内在意义用汉语表达出来。下面就将非人称(impersonal)主语句英译汉的基本方法略作探讨。

1. 如果主语暗含着条件、因果、时间、地点、方式等意义时,用人作主语,把原来的主语翻译成各种形式的状语。

例如:The forty years, 1840-1880, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 译文:从1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。 2. 当谓语动词是情感型使动词时,如:surprise,disappoint,excite,disturb,inspire,puzzle,annoy,trouble,irritate,shock等;或得失型动词,如:lost,get,gain,take,fail,save,win,leave等,翻译时可保留主语,把谓语动词转译成“使……”结构。 例如

1) The beautiful scenery gained the place quite a reputation. 译文:美景使这个地方颇有名气。

2). Her habit of biting her nails irritates me. 译文:她咬指甲的习惯使我生气。

3. 把原句中表示生命概念的词变成主语,引申谓语动词的词义,并采用逆行翻译法。 例如:1) When he had to speak ,his confidence suddenly deserted him. 译文:当他不得不说话时,他突然失去了信心。 2) It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him. 译文:他好象面临着困难的抉择。

4. 当有灵动词是某些感官动词,如:see,witness,speak,tell等时,保留无灵主语,引申动词词义。比如,有时可把谓语动词引申为含有“显示”,“表明”,“产生”等意义的词。 例如:The blood-stained glove told of the bandit's crime. 译文:血迹斑斑的手套就是匪徒的罪证。 5. 重新确定主语,引申动词词义。

例如:It is generally felt that his appointment was a grave mistake. 译文:现在许多人觉得,当时对他的任命是个严重的错误。 6. 译成汉语的无主句。

例如:Rumors had already spread along the street. 译文:大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。

7. 由于汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常被用作一种修辞手段----拟人化,所以有些句子我们不妨也采用“拟人化”的汉语句型来表达。 例如:Don't talk to me about no opportunity any more, opportunity's knocking down every door in the country, trying to get in.

译文:别说什么机会难逢,机会正在国内挨家挨户敲门,想要进去呢。

此外,英语的“there be”句式及用不定代词“one”作主语的句子也具有非人称倾向,汉译时仍可采用上面提到的技巧。

例如:In 1955, there was a strike participated by six thousand workers. 译文:1955年,六千名工人举行了一次罢工。

再看几个例子:

1. I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.

2. The smallest excuse would have served.

3. Paying his son's debts left him almost penniless. 4. That night sleep eluded me.

5. The old house has seen better days.

6. Everything at the party spoke of careful planning.

7. The year 1949 witness the founding of the People's Republic of China. 8. The universe is not rich enough to buy the vote of an honest man. 9. The light from the stars started on its journey long time ago. 10.One must be a servant before one can be a master.

有读者问起笔者所译“大江东去,浪淘尽千古风流人物”(Chinese history sees Yangtze run;with rolling waves thousands years and myriad heroes are gone)中前一句如何理解。这一句型在英语中比汉语中常见,其特征是以无生命事物作为主语,语言学家Holliday把它称为“无灵主语句”。例如“The world history has seen more tears than laughter”(在世界历史上泪水比欢笑多),“The new century will see a significant and far-reaching change in China”(中国在新世纪将发生重大而深远的变化),“The year 2003 witnessed a unprecedented disastrous flood in Huai river basin”(2003年淮河流域发生了史无前例的洪灾)和“September finds agreeable weather in Shanghai”(九月的上海天气宜人)都属于这种句型。

英语中使用这一句型一方面是为了表达生动、有力,另一方面也和西方的思维方式有关。英美更重视客观性,因此表达倾向于更多地使用客观事物做主语。例如,表达“他总是很机智”,我们也许会说“He is always quick-witted”,但“Quick-wit never deserts him”的说法更地道、有力。表达“我突然有了一个好主意”中国学生倾向于说“Suddenly I have a good idea”,而英美的人会说“A good idea suddenly occurs to me”或“A good idea suddenly strikes/hits me”。使用无灵主语句可以使句子更加紧凑简洁。如“她做事效率高,又不会发火,简直是个天使”可以翻译成“High efficiency without anger makes her an angel”,把三句压缩成一句。

学术文章中这一句型可以使语句显得更加庄重、客观。如“We carried out more experiments and found some exciting results”和“Further experiments gave us some exciting results”相比,

后一句不仅简洁,而且像是出自研究人员之手。不过,在口语中也有这一句型,如“His name slips my mind”(我忘了他的名字),“Words fail me!My favorite team lost.”(我无话可说。我最喜欢的队输了)。由于这一类句型涉及英汉语言和思维的差异,所以考试中多次出现。如1998年6月四级考试第40题“The last half of the nineteenth century __ the steady improvement in the means of travel”(正确答案为haswitnessed);1996年考研英语阅读理解Passage5的开头一句“Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’spipelines”(据传有20多本关于神造论和进化论的书即将出版)难倒了众多考生。1999年6月四级阅读PassageFour第38题中也出现了“the toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology inrecent years”的选项。类似句子在作文题中也大有用武之地 Fill in each of the following sentences with ONE word from the list. Some words may be used more than once. see release escape seize invite go fail grip catch reach elude forbid drive kill witness 1. 20世纪30年代是磺胺剂和盘尼西林研制开发完成的阶段 The 1930s the development of sulfa drugs and penicillin 2. 你不要奢望有什么能逃过老师的注意。 You cannot expect that something may ________ the teacher's attention. 3. 我忘了她的名字。 Her name _____________me. 4. 他忽然怒从心头起. Then a sudden fit of anger _________ him. 5. 我们不由自主地大笑起来。 Uncontrollable laughter ________ us. 6. 在黑暗中,他就再也没有什么顾忌. Darkness him from his last restraints. 7. 内讧招致外患 Divisions at home would dangers from abroad. 8. 天寒地冻,人人都已躲在室内. The bitter weather had everyone indoors. 9. 这些图画引起了我的想象。 The pictures my imagination. 10. 许多变革发生于19世纪。 The 19th century many changes. 11. 这时我激动得说不出话来。 Words me here. 12. 我昨天收到你的信。 Your letter me yesterday. 13. 2001年中国成功加入世贸。 The year 2001 China’s entry into WTO. 14. 1998年召开了九届一次全国代表大会。 The year 1998 the convocation of the 1st Session of the 9th National People’s Congress. 15. 他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。 A dark stain on the carpet his eyes 16太多的蒜破坏了肉的味道 Too much garlic the taste of the meat. 17.上班的往返,工作的乏味和紧张状态使人精疲力尽. The trip to work, and the boredom and nervousness of jobs, men 18..那天晚上他没睡好. That night sleep him. 19.他从来没有想谋取权利和地位. Power and place never to his head. 20.职责所在,我不能临阵脱逃. My duty me to fly from danger. 1. saw 2. escape 3. escapes/ eludes 4. seized 5. seized 6. released 7. invite 8. driven 9. gripped 10. saw 11. failed 12. reached 13. saw 14. witnessed 15. caught 16 killed 17. kills 18..eluded/ escaped 19. went 20. forbids 2. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 这位曾给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。

无灵主语的概念极为简单:有无生命的事物做主语来展开句子。其实它向我们传达的只是一种思维,一种思考的方式而已。

什么是无灵主语?

Eg: I love everbody.译为:我爱大家。如果出现在口语中,这样的表达当然最为清晰,但如果出现在写作中,如下表达可能更为生动一些:My love goes to everbody.从例子可以看出,用客观的事物love代替有生命的I,这就是无灵主语的实质。但我们为什么要使用无灵主语,它究竟有什么优点呢?

(1)增加主语的多样性。往往在写作时,我们会反复用同一有生命的词作主语,使语句显得单调,重复。这些总在不经意之间常常发生。

Eg: We don’t think so.If we want light,we must conquer darkness.

三个we的使用,使句子显得平淡,甚至别扭,但如果稍加变动,句子会显得协调的多。 ① We don’t think so.If we want light,darkness must be conquered.

② This idea can’t acquire our acceptance,If we want light,we must conquer darkness. (2)使语言更生动化。将无生命的事物作主语而展开的句子,往往会用上比喻、拟人等修辞手法,语言随之提升一个档次。

Eg: 越来越少的人使用BP机。

BP calls are fading away from our horizon. Eg: 青少年常常沉迷于网络。

Internet is Pandora’s Box for youth. Eg: 孤寡老人怕过节。

Spending festivals alone is a nightmare for the aged without any company.

Eg: 青少年厌恶考试。

Exams play the role of youth “killer”.

这也就是无灵主语的难点所在,也是华丽之处:并不是简单的主动语态变为被动语态,而是用主动语态去表达被动意义。

Eg: People accepted the fact.人们接受这个事实。并不是简单地变为The fact was accepted by people.而应当更为形象的用主动语态表示“事实被人们接受”这个被动意义。人们接受这个事实,就是这个事实获得人们的认可:The fact acquired people’s acceptance.

其实要写这样的句子并不难,只要掌握这种思想,加上一段时间的练习,肯定会下笔如有神。

(3)使表达更为客观。主语是有生命的事物时,展开的句子往往带有该有生命物质的主观感情色彩,而如果是无灵主语,则表达很客观。

无灵主语并不是英语的专利,在汉语中其实我们也常常用到。 Eg: 我们从生活中学到—— 可以表述为“生活告诉我们——”

Life has told us that------ 这就是一个漂亮的无灵主语的应用

Eg: 海外华人时刻关注祖国。 可以表述为“祖国时刻牵动着海外华人的心” Motherland,always,is drawing the heart of overseas Chinese. 无灵主语就像是雨后的风,为作文注入一股清新的气息。

独立主格是一种复杂的语法结构,但运用起来是文字相当优美,是写作中一种华丽的修饰。独立主格结构是由分词作状语演化而来,所以,要想掌握独立主格,首先要了解分词。

分词是非谓语动词的一种。提起来非谓语动词让很多人头痛不已,但其实其本质并不复杂:一个句子只能有一个动词作为核心动词(也就是作谓语),其它的动词均要降级,变为非谓语形式。

Eg: We are too often different to the loss of an hour or of a day,forgetting that our life is the sum total of the hours and of the days.

句子的核心动词是be动词are,另一个动词就要降级为非谓语的分词形式forgetting。

分词有两大功能,一是做定语,二是作状语。在形式上分词又分为现在分词(v+ing)和过去分词(v+ed)两种形式,前者表主动关系,后者表被动关系。分词作定语在三大词的修饰中已经介绍,这里主要讲与独立主格有关的分词作状语。

Eg: Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.

Eg: The kids went out of the hall,laughing and talking.

Eg: Given better attention,the trees could grow better.

可以看出,作状语的分词引导的是一个无主语的句子,这个句子的主语与谓动词所在的主句的主语是一致的。they,jump,hear中选取jump为谓动词,则hear降级为非谓语形式。They hear是一种主动关系用现在分词hearing。trees,grow,give中选取grow为谓动词,则give降级为非谓语的形式,they被give(或give they)是一种被动关系,所以give用过去分词given表

被动。

继续深入,当非谓语动词的主语不是主句的主语呢?这就出现了独立主格结构。

Eg: Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Wednesday.

分词permitting的主语是weather,weather是permit的施动者,主动关系,用现在分词permitting。主句的主语是match,谓动词为play。Weather permitting(天气允许的话)作条件状语。可见独立主格中分词的选用是由独立主格的主语与分词动词间的逻辑关系决定的。 Eg: The holidays being over,they began to get down to doing their work again.

Eg: (with) Tears rolling down her checks,she carefully covered her mother’s body with sand. 在对独立主格有了初步了解的情况下,我们可以将其作一个扩展,凡是符合 结构的均能作独立主格结构。

Eg:Sun shining in the sky,seagulls around,breeze through hair,foam kissing toes,I am enjioying myself.

例句中四个独立主格的主语分别是sun,seagulls,breeze,foam,主句为I am enjoying myself.这样句子显得句式简练,但却展示给我们一幅生动的画面。 再举两个例子:

Eg:Jazz around ears,dices noisy and alcohol tempting,I am hunting a romantic story. Eg:Knives on back,swords in hand,they march into the city. 分词和独立主格还有很多时态问题,但一般都符普通的时态规律。学习语法的目的不是一味的深究,不是作sentences butcher,最重要的是要能灵活运用到自己的写作中。

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