英美概况论文

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课程名称（Subject）： 英美概况 编 号 (No.)： 11-12-02-018503A 系 别 (Department): 外语系 专 业 (Major)： 英语 姓 名 (Name)： 孔令霞 学 号 (Student’s Number)： BC09150201

注意事项（Notes）

1.考生需按题签将上述有关项目填写清楚

2.字迹要清楚，保持卷面清洁。

3.交卷时请将本答卷和题签一起上交，题签作为封面下一页装订。

1、Candidates should fill in the information appropriately. 2、Keep the handwriting clear and the paper tidy. 3、Candidate should hand in this cover and paper together; the answer sheet should be attached to the cover.

黑龙江外国语学院 2011-2012学年 第2学期 Term 2 2011-2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University

机密（Confidential） 编号（No.）：11-12-02-018503A

试 题（Test）

课程名称（Subject）： 英美概况 考核类别（Type of test）： 考查 课程类别(Type of course) : 专业限选课 考试形式(Test type) : 论文 使用范围（Target group）：外语系2009级英语专业本科1-10班，合作本科1班，英语（旅游酒店管理方向）本科1班，英语（翻译方向）本科1-2班

1. Topic List

On One of the English Dynasties — the House of…

2. Words:

a. Write the essay at least 1500 words.

3. Requirements：

a. Summarize the background information in the first part, your comment in the second part, and the conclusion in the third part.

b. Write an abstract (60-80 words) and the key words (3-5 words) on the first page of the essay. c. Write the content of the essay below the key words. d. Write at least two references at the end of the essay.

4. Marking Criteria

a. Format (10 points)

b. Language (vocabulary, structure, organization) (30 points)

c. Knowledge (you are required to show the knowledge you learned) (30 points) d. Idea (your own opinion and analysis) (30 points)

黑龙江外国语学院 2011-2012学年 第2学期 Term 2 2011-2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University

On One of the English Dynasties

— the House of Tudors

Abstract: The Tudor family ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Under the Tudors, English became a national state with an efficient centralized government. The Tudor Monarchy, being in the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism, witnessed many important political, economic and social changes. England flourished under the Tudors. Key words: Tudors; Henry; Elizabeth

Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. The Tudor family ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Under the Tudors, English became a national state with an efficient centralized government. The Tudor Monarchy, being in the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism, witnessed many important political, economic and social changes. England flourished under the Tudors. It reformed church in England and tolerated enclosures. It was during the Tudor Monarchy that America was discovered and the Renaissance spread into England. The Tudors also stimulated English commercial and maritime enterprise, under them England rose to one of its highest points of power and influence.

Henry VII, founder of the new monarchy, was a strong and sensible king. After he became king of England, Henry VII quickly realized that his people were tired of quarrelsome lords with their bands of armed men; the middle class wanted nothing but peace and orderly government. Besides weakening the old nobility, Henry VII organized an efficient tax system, and built up a large fortune, which made him independent of Parliament. Except and ruled through his council instead. The king’s council was formally called the Privy Council, which consisted, not of all his lords, but only of those advisers whom he incited to attend its meetings. The Council advised the king on the important decisions of internal and foreign policy. It also exercised legislative and judicial powers. Henry VII also increased the powers of the Justices of the Peace. During Henry VII’s reign, the wool merchants were developing a new system of trade, a capitalist one in nature. With their capital they controlled the flow of wool from the sheep farmer to the weaver, and the flow of cloth from the weaver to the foreign market. To encourage the weaving industry, Henry increased the customs duty in imported cloth; he reduced the rights of foreign traders in London; and he encouraged ship-building by forbidding the carriage of imports in foreign ships. Most pf all, he encouraged adventurous merchants to explore new lands. From my point of view, Henry VII gave England peace and orderly government. He encouraged education and exploration. He increased trade. But he did not find time to deal with the greatest reformed the feudal habits of the noble families, his son was able to work through parliament to reform the Church.

Through the ages, the Church in Europe gathered wealth and power that attracted the jealousy of kings. The rules of England, safe in their island, used the Church for their own political purposes. The Church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body, but also a political and legal power. By the 16th century the new national spirit of the English people had become impatient with the Church. The external pretext for the Reformation was Henry VIII’s divorce question.HenryⅧ wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she could not produce a male heir for him. Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. In December 1533, Henry repudiated papal supremacy over the English Church.

黑龙江外国语学院 2011-2012学年 第2学期 Term 2 2011-2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University

He declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy (1534). He claimed to be upholding true and uncorrupted Catholicism. The repudiation of papal supremacy and the break with the religious traditions of centuries were accepted with enthusiasm by many of the country gentlemen and the merchants in the towns and with some bewilderment by most of the common people. In the year that followed repudiation, all the religious institutions were seized and their possessions were confiscated by the crown. By degrees the English language, instead of Church Latin, became the language for religious offices. Although during the reform some Protestants and Catholics, who were against Henry, were killed, the changes in general were made without violence. After Henry VIII died in 1547 his nine-year-old son succeeds him. He was known as Edward VI. His reign was a time of extreme Protestantism, for the Regency Council of him consisted almost entirely of Protestant faction. Edward VI died in 1553, only 15 years old. Then his half sister, Mary, a Catholic, became Queen. Mary hated those who had upset her mother’s marriage. She married the king of Spain. She reestablished Catholicism had brought the Church back under the power of Rome. She burned nearly 300 Protestants at the stake. In four years. She was nicknamed “Bloody Mary”.

Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England. She kept to Catholic doctrines and practices but was free of the Papal control. Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics. For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France, so England wad able to face the danger from Spain. In 1588 PhilipⅡ, wanted to bring England back to Catholicism and stopped England’s aid to the Netherlands where Protestant rebels were in revolt against their Spanish masters. Elizabeth chose never to marry. Elizabeth used her marriage prospects as a political tool in foreign and domestic policies. The 'Virgin Queen' was presented as a selfless woman who sacrificed personal happiness for the good of the nation, to which she was, in essence, 'married'.

The period under the rule of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) saw the beginnings of the English Renaissance, with the works of William Shakespeare, and the start of English expansion and empire. Renaissance is a French word that means rebirth. Italian scholars first used the word in the mid-16th century to express the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. Humanists: The writers, who worked for freedom equally and enlightenment, were called “humanist”. They sang the praises of life and social progress but attacked social eviler and vice. A great English humanist was Sir Thomas More. His work “Utopia” became a humanistic classic in the world’s literature. He gave analysis for the social contradictions in England in a period of primitive accumulation. In his opinion, existing society was “a conspiracy of the rich against the poor”. Sir Thames More (1478-1535) was born in a well-to-do family. His father worked as a lawyer. More was a scholar by nature, sooner, he became a layer and at quite an early time he was elected to parliament. When he was fifty-one years old he was appointed the Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. In 1532 More had to resign from the post because of his opposition to Henry’s divorce and his church policy.

The Distinctive features of the English Renaissance are as follows. First, English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics；Second, England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history

黑龙江外国语学院 2011-2012学年 第2学期 Term 2 2011-2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University

which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe. Third, owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them；Fourth, it is primarily artistic. Fifth, English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

The Tudor Monarchy was full of tremendous changes. All these changes were favorable to the development of capitalism, and through the changes the bourgeoisie was becoming mature political. The day when the English bourgeoisie would take over political power was not far off. Bibliography

[1] 李丹：西方史学史，天津日报，2010年，3月刊。 [2] 慕维廉 ：《大英国治》，北京：新华出版社，2007年。