Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾赛
A poet’s poet “诗人的诗人”，这是因为他对诗歌技巧、音律的把握远远超过了一般的诗人。他在《仙后》中发明了一种特殊的诗节；每节9行，押ababbcbcc的韵；前8行每行10个音节、最后1行12个音节。这种后来以他的名字命名的所谓“斯宾塞诗节” Spenserian Stanza因为9行内要换3个重复几次的韵脚，给写诗提出了很高的要求，历来被英国诗人看作是写诗技巧的一种考验。
The Faerie Queene 仙后 采取中世纪常用的讽喻传奇的形式。以亚瑟王(Prince Authur)追求仙后格罗丽亚娜(Gloriana)为引子，仙后每年在宫中举行12天宴会，每天派一名骑士去解除灾难，亚瑟参加每个骑士的冒险事迹。它既有人文主义者对生活的热爱，也有新柏拉图主义的神秘思想，还带有清教徒的伦理宗教观念和强烈的资产阶级爱国情绪。 的用意是歌颂伊丽莎白女王，所谓仙岛女王格罗丽亚娜其实就是伊丽莎白女王的化身。十二位骑士各自象征一种美德，他们受女王派遣外出历险，从事惩恶除奸、维护正义的英雄事业。这种以长篇史诗的创作来歌颂当朝统治者的遗风是继承古罗马诗人维吉尔的。contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthur—the heros of heros---plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is ‘Fierce Wares and faithful loves’.
• 《牧人月历》（The Shepheardes Calendar) 作者最早的田园诗作，是仿照罗马诗人维吉尔等古代牧歌写成的。这十二篇《牧人月历》，每篇正好对应一年中的一个月份，除首尾两首外,都是对话体,主要人物是热情的牧羊人柯林·克劳特。作品描绘了淳朴和谐的乡村生活，赞美人与自然的契合，略带暗讽宗教的虚伪。 虽然，这十二篇田园诗有模仿古典作品之嫌，但也充满了英国精神。
斯宾塞诗歌有五大特点：1 完美的韵律 2 罕见的美感 3 奇妙的想象 4 崇高的道德纯洁性与严肃性 5一种献身的理想主义 。
Qualities of Spensor’s poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealism
除此之外，他还多次使用一种怪异的语言模式及废弃不用的词汇，以增加作品的乡土气息。正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律使他成为“诗人中的诗人”。
II. Christopher Marlowe克里斯扥夫.马洛
Fame: be regarded as ‘University Wits’. the greatest pioneer of English drama
Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse.
Verse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter.无韵诗，素体诗
He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women ‘s characters are rather pale)
Plays: He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. By depicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. ) 马洛的第一个剧本 讲述了14世纪一个普通牧民帖木儿，如何登上国王宝座，成为一个野心勃勃、残暴无情的鞑靼统治者的故事，是一部“巨星陨落”式的悲剧。骄横跋扈的蒙古大帝帖木儿利用波斯国王的弟弟推翻了波斯王，在登上王位后又杀害了波斯王的弟弟。然后帖木尔马不停蹄地战败了土耳其君主并将他关入囚笼示众。最后这个嗜血成性、权迷心窍的牧羊人竟然向上天的权威发动攻击，致使他所向披靡的铁骑陷入绝境，这个建立了蒙古庞大帝国的征服者只能孤零零地死在皇后的坟墓上。作者通过刻画一个百战百胜的枭雄，表达了文艺复兴时期的人们渴望获得无穷无尽的力量和权势的心情。 选读 原始积累时期的种种丑恶。巴拉巴斯为报复财富的丧失而使女儿死与非命，他阴谋叛逆，先将马耳他岛出卖给土耳其人，然后又策划将土耳其征服者投入沸锅蒸煮，结果却使自己葬身火海。 Poetry: William Shakespeare • the greatest English poet and dramatist • ①154 sonnets, • ②37 plays, including 14 comedies, 12 tragedies, and 11 historical plays, • ③2 long poems. • But for such a great writer, we have very little definite knowledge about his life. Shakespeare’s Tragedies (1) Hamlet (2) Othello )、《奥赛罗》 (3) King Lear《李尔王》 (4) Mac beth 《麦克白》 哈姆雷特为报父仇而发现“整个时代脱榫”了，决定担起“重整乾坤”的责任，结果是空怀大志，无力回天。奥赛罗正直淳朴，相信人而又嫉恶如仇，在奸人摆布下杀妻自戕，为追求至善至美反遭恶报。李尔王在权势给他带来的尊荣、自豪、自信中迷失本性，丧失当国王而做一个普通人，也能同样或更加伟大，因而经受了一番痛苦的磨难。麦克白本是有功的英雄，性格中有善和美的一面，只因王位的诱惑和野心的驱使，沦为“从血腥到血腥”、懊悔无及的罪人。这些人物的悲剧，深刻地揭示了在资本原始积累时期已开始出现的种种社会罪恶和资产阶级的利己主义，表现了人文主义理想与残酷现实之间矛盾的不可调和，具有高度的概括意义。 • brutality (Shylock) 塑造了夏洛克这一惟利是图、冷酷无情的高利贷者的典型形象 • • To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action • Soliloquy or monologue独白 - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters poetry • 1. Narrative poetry 叙事诗 ①the epic • ②the romance • ③popular ballads 维纳斯于阿多尼斯 Venus and Adonis Lucrece 鲁克丽丝受辱记 2.Lyric poetry ① the elegy哀歌: a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual. ②the ode颂诗: a lyric poem of considerable length to sing in honor a person or a thing. It is serious in subject and formal in style. • 3.Dramatic poetry : dialogue in the drama Sonnet • A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. • Rhyme: abab cdcd efef gg 3 quatrains(3 four-line stanza )+ 1 couplet(2 lines) Sequence of 154 sonnets: 选读 艺术特征 人物塑造 1． He employs soliloquies独白 in his plays to fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters. 2. He portrays his characters in pairs(可能指情侣) . 3. His characters are individuals representing certain types. 情节结构 1． He adopted plots from some old plays or storybooks 2． In order to make the play more lively , he would shorten the time and intensify the story. 3． There are usually several threads running through the play (,thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension) 语言风格 1. irony 2. Disguise 3. vocabulary ( He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom, his coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.) Conscience (顾虑) does makes cowards of us all. (心有顾虑使人畏手畏脚，优柔寡断----Hamlet) Period1: He wrote 5 history plays HenryⅥ 亨利6世 RichardⅢ 理查三世 Titus Andronicus 泰托斯。安东尼 4 comedies: The comedy of errors 错误的喜剧.The two Gentlemen of Verona维洛那2绅士. The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记. Love’s Lost 爱的徒劳 Period2： 5 histories: RichardⅡ 理查二世 .King john约翰王 HenryⅣ 。 HenryⅤ 6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦 The Merchant of Venice Much ado About nothing 无事生非 As You Like It 皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night 第12夜The Merry Wives of Windsor 温 沙的风流娘们 2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar Period3: includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear李尔王 Macbeth麦克白 ,Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里奥佩特拉,Troilus and Cressida 特络绎勒斯与克里西达,and Coriolanus克里奥拉那斯. 2 comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属 and Measure for Measure一报还一报 Period4: romantic tragicomedies: Pericles伯里克里, Cymbeline 辛白林,The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest暴风雨, 2 final plays: Henry Ⅷ ，The Two Noble Kinsmen 2位贵族亲戚 Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根 II.Bacon’s works “Advancement of Learning”学术的推进: is a great tract短论on education. HE separates theology from scientific observations and experiments. Man’s understanding consisted of three parts:history to man’s memory; poetry to man’s imagination and creation ; philosophy to man’s reason. 1. “New Instrument” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning 3. “New Atlantics” : an ideal society 新大西岛 4. “Essays” / 58 essays论说文集 methodology ,the use of inductive 归纳法in scientific research in place of the deductive reasoning 演绎法 选读 Bacon’ s essays are famous for their brevity简洁, compactness紧凑 and powerfulness /The sentences are charged 充满感情的 and crowded with symmetries. force of expression A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, riches… ☆his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Fame: A prose, lays the foundation for modern science. John Donne约翰.邓恩 V． John Donne (1572—1631) Life: “Metaphysical school”, Herbert ,Vaughan ,Crashaw, Marvell and Cowley are also considered to be metaphysical poets. 商人之家，想当牧师，牛津剑桥大学肆业生，十年地下婚姻使他穷困潦倒，但是他对妻子很忠诚。。天主教改信英国国教，当牧师尽职尽力，洞察力深邃。早期写爱情诗，晚期写宗教诗。他认为爱的本质是身体和灵魂的结合。 Works: 选读Love poems Religious poems: Sermons (散文形式的传道书) 选读 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容