虚拟

在英语中，随着说话人的意图不同，动词需要用不同的形式，称为语气。英语有三种语气。1. It’s fine today. [陈述语气]\\ 2. Please open the door. [祈使语气] 3. I wish I were a bird. [虚拟语气]

虚拟语气: 虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不是表示客观事实。往往通过时态来体现虚拟语气。

虚拟语气常体现在以下几个句子结构当中：

1. if引导的条件状语从句中, 分对现在，过去, 未来,三种情况的虚拟。 ①主从句都与现在事实相反 (if)从句主句

If+主+did(were), 主+ could /would/might/should+V原 ②主从句都与过去事实相反 (if)从句主句

If+主+had done, 主+could/would/should/might + have done ③主从句都是对将来一种可能性小的一种描述 (if)从句主句

+ did

If+主+should+V原, 主+should /would/might/could+V原

Were to +V原

④主从句时态不一致，混合型。主从句按以上规则各自选择相应的时态 eg: If I saw him now, I would be very happy. If I had seen him then, I would have been very happy.

If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow, I would be very happy. If you had followed my advice then, you would be better now.（混合型。主句与现在相反，从句与过去相反）

※虚拟语气中 if 的省略

如果从句中有were, should,或had(助动词had,既\"had done\" 中的had ), 可以省略if，而把这些词放在主语前面构成主谓倒装。如： Were I you, (=If I were you), I wouldn’t do that.

Had you come earlier, (=If you had come earlier), you would have seen him. Should it rain, (=If it should rain), I would stay at home.

Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. 2. 隐藏的虚拟语气

副词如or, otherwise, 介词如with, without, but for 等可引起虚拟语气。如: He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. == If he hadn’t telephoned to inform me of your birthday, I would have known nothing about it. But for/Without your help yesterday, I couldn’t have done it well. == If I hadn’t had your help yesterday, I couldn’t have done it well. ==Had I not had your help…

Without electricity, human life would be quite difficult today. But for the storm, we should have had a much happier time.

3. wish后的宾语从句，同if 一样，也按时态大致分为三种情况，分对现在，过去, 未来,三种情况的虚拟。

1) wish+从句（动词过去式 did/were） [现在虚拟] 2) wish+从句（had done或 could have done）[过去虚拟] 3). wish+从句(would/ could/might+V原）[将来虚拟]

※ as if/as though+ 从句，也可用于虚拟语气。用法和wish类似。 eg: He always orders me about as if I were his servant.

They talked as if they had been friends for many years. 4. It’s (high) time (that) +did/should do It’s high time we had lunch. It is the first time that I have done sth 1. did (对现在或将来) 5. would rather+句子来虚拟) 2. had done(对过去事实相反)

I would rather he visited us today/tomorrow. I would rather he had visited us yesterday.

6. 记住：这些动词后面接的宾语从句：表建议(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)等, 宾语从句要用(should)+V原型，should 可以省略。

※建议(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命令(order, command)等的名词，相关联的同位语从句，表语从句, 主语从句的谓语动词用 (should) + do.

Eg: He ordered that the students ( should) wash the clothes every week by themselves. I suggested that Tom (should) be sent to hospital. His accent suggested that he was from the USA. We suggested that he (should) be thereon time. == Our suggestion was that he (should) be there on time. == We made a suggestion that he (should) be there on time. == It was suggested that he (should) be there on time. l 在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ” 中，that 后面的主语从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 [专练]

1. ____ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off that visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will

2. What would have happened ____, as far as the river bank? A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther

3. If Americans____ fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health ____ better. A. were to eat , gets B. eat, are C. can, must have beenD. ate, would be

4. If the Normans had not invaded England in the 10th century, the English Language ____ in a very different way.

A. Was developing B. developed C. would develop D. would have developed 5. He smiled as though he ____ my thought. A. read B. was reading C. had read D. has read

6. The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident _____. A. couldn’t be prevented B. mustn’t have prevented C. wouldn’t have been prevented D. shouldn’t prevent 7. ____ the rain, we could have a pleasant journey. A. But for B. For all C. Above all D. Except for

8. I wish I ____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. had slept B. sleptC. might have slept D. could have slept 9. ___ you be fired, your income would be cut off. A. Would B. ShouldC. Could D. Might

10. If it were not for the fact that she ___ sing, I would invite her to the party. A. couldn’t B. shouldn’tC. would not D. might not 11. ---You finally passed the exam, didn’t you? --- Yes, but for your help, I _____. A. would succeedB. wouldn’t succeed

C. would have succeededD. wouldn’t have succeeded

12. ---My god! I have to walk home now, for I just missed the train. ---That’s too bad. You ___ it had you set out a bit earlier.

A. should have caught B. had caught C. could catch D. would have caught 13. ---I failed again. I wish I ___ harder. --- But you ___

A. had worked; hadn’tB. worked; don’tC. worked; didn’tD. had worked; didn’t 14. ---What will you do during the summer holiday? --- I don’t know, but it’s high time____ something. A. I’m deciding B. I’ll decide C. I decided D. I decide

15. I’d rather you ____ there before. I’d rather you ___ there tomorrow. A. hadn’t been , went B. hadn’t been, goC. didn’t go, went D. didn’t go, go

16. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _____ in love, at the age of seven, with Melinda Cox in my hometown.

A. wouldn’t have fallenB. had not fallen C. should fallD. were to fall 17. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I____ your advice. A. followed B. would followC.had followed D. should follow