生理学（physiology）biological sciences. dealing with the normal life phenomena exhibited by all living organisms. 内环境（internal environment）Extracellular fluid directly baths body cells. Internal environment = Extracellular fluid 稳态（homeostasis）Maintenance of Relatively Constant Chemical/Physical Conditions of the internal environment. 神经调节（nervous regulation）a process in which body functions are controlled by nerve system.. Pathway: nerve reflex; Types: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex; Example: baroreceptor reflex of arterial blood pressure; Characteristics: response fast; acts exactly or locally ;last for a short time
体液调节（humoral regulation）a regulatory process performed by hormone or active chemical substance in blood or tissue. Characteristics: response slowly; acts extensively; lasts for a long time.
自身调节（autoregulation）a tissue or an organ can directly respond to environmental changes that are independent of nervous and hormonal control. Characteristics：Amplitude of the regulation is smaller than other two types. Extension of the effects is smaller than other two types. 激素(hormone) 旁分泌（paracrine） 神经分泌（neurosecretion）
负反馈（negative feedback）The feedback signals from controlled system produces effect opposite to the action of the control system..The opposite effect is mainly “inhibitory action”.
正反馈（positive feedback）The feedback signal or output from the controlled system increases the action of the control system 前馈控制（feed-forward control）Direct effect of stimulus on the control system before the action of feedback signal occurs. 流体镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）
单纯扩散（simple diffusion）Molecules/ions are in constant state of random motion due to their thermal energy. Simple diffusion occurs whenever there is a concentration difference across the membrane the membrane is permeable to the diffusing substance.
通透性(permeability)
易化扩散（facilitated diffusion）the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substance across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins (carrier or channel). Substances: K+, Na+, Ca2+, glucose, amino acid, urea etc.
离子通道(ion channel) Some transport proteins have watery spaces all the way through the molecule allow free movement of certain ions or molecules. They are called channel proteins.
化学门控通道(chemically-gated channel) Some protein channel gates are opened by the binding of another molecule with the protein; this causes a conformational change in the protein molecule that opens or closes the gate.This is called chemical gating. This type of channel is called chemically-gated (or dependent) channel
电压门控通道(voltage-gated channel) The molecular conformation of the gate responds to the electrical potential across the cell membrane. this type of channel is called voltage gate (or dependent) channel.
机械性门控通道(mechanically-gated channel) Some protein channel gates may be opened by the mechanical deformation of the cell membrane. This is called mechanically-gated channel. It plays a very important role in the genesis of excitation of the hair cells
主动转运(active transport) When the cell membrane moves molecules or ions uphill against a concentration gradient (or uphill against an electrical or pressure gradient), the process is called active transport 钠-钾泵(sodium-potassium pump)
继发性主动转运（secondary active transport）Coupled transport. Energy needed for “uphill” movement obtained from “downhill” transport of Na+.Hydrolysis of ATP by Na+/K+ pump required indirectly to maintain [Na+] gradient.
出胞（exocytosis）A process in which some large particles move from inside to outside of the cell by a specialized function of
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the cell membrane
入胞（endocytosis）A process in which some large particles move from outside to inside of the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane
兴奋性(excitability) The ability of the cell to generate the action potential 兴奋(excitation)
静息电位(resting potential) A potential difference across the cell membrane at the rest stage or when the cell is not stimulated. 极化(polarization) a state in which membrane is polarized at rest, negative inside and positive outside. 超极化(hyperpolarization) the membrane potential is more negative than the resting level.
去极化或除极化(depolarization) the membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting potential (close to zero). 复极化(repolarization) restoration of normal polarization state of membrane. a process in which the membrane potential returns toward from depolarized level to the normal resting membrane value.
动作电位(action potential) Action potential is a rapid, reversible, and conductive change of the membrane potential after the cell is stimulated.Nerve signals are transmitted by action potentials. 绝对不应期(absolute refractory period) 相对不应期(relative refractory period)
阈电位(threshold membrane potential) Threshold potential is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur.
阈强度(threshold intensity) the lowest or minimal intensity of stimulus to elicit an action potential
局部兴奋（local excitation）Local response is a small change in membrane potential caused by a subthreshold stimulus 量子式释放(quantal release) 终板电位(endplate potential) 肌原纤维(myofifbril)
肌小节(sarcomere) bundle of alternating thick and thin filaments. Sarcomeres join end to end to form myofibrils 肌管系统（sarcotubular system）
兴奋-收缩藕联(excitation-contraction coupling) Depolarization of motor end plate (excitation) is coupled to muscular contraction. Nerve impulse travels along sarcolemma and down T-tubules to cause a release of Ca2+ from SR; Ca2+ binds to troponin and causes position change in tropomyosin, exposing active sites on actin; Permits strong binding state between actin and myosin and contraction occurs; ATP is hydrolyzed and energy goes to myosin head which releases from actin 血细胞比容(hematocrit) percentage of blood volume occupied by the packed red blood cell volume. 晶体渗透压（crystal osmotic pressure） 胶体渗透压(colloid osmotic pressure)
等张溶液(isotonic solution) cell does not change its volume when exposed to it. osmotic pressure =plasma. 红细胞的悬浮稳定性(suspension stability)
红细胞沉降率 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate，ESR) The length of sedimentation of the red cells within one hour is termed erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). 红细胞叠连(rouleaux formation)
血液凝固(blood coagulation) The process by which a series of blood-clotting factors in plasma are activated and cross-linked
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fibrin polymers are formed from fibrinogen. 血清(serum) Serum is fluid left when blood clots
心动周期（cardiac cycle）The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole
每搏输出量(stroke volume) the volume pumped by the heart with each beat Amount: 70 ml (60--80 ml).
舒张末期容量(end-diastolic volume) Ventricles are maximally filled at the end of ventricular relaxation (diastole). When heart rate is too high, the ventricles may not have enough time to fill as much as when the heart rate is slow
收缩末期容量(end-systolic volume) The minimum amount of blood left in the heart at the end of each contraction. The more strongly the heart contracts, the more little blood left in the heart.
射血分数( ejection fraction) The ejection fraction is stroke volume divided by end diastolic volume.
Formula: ejection fraction = stroke volume / end diastolic volume x100% (SV/EDV x 100%). Normally the ejection fraction is 55-65%.
心输出量(cardiac output) the volume of blood pumped per minute by the heart.. Formula:cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate. (CO=SV x HR) The cardiac output varies with sex, age, and exercise. From 4.5-5L/min up to 25-35 L/min. 心指数(cardiac index ) the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area. It is to normalize for different size individuals. For a medium size adult, it is about 3.0 - 3.5 L/min/m2心肌收缩能力(cardiac contractility) 心力储备 (cardiac reserve)
自律性(autorhythmicity) an ability of cells to produce rhythmic excitation spontaneously without any external stimulation. 传导性(conductivity) 收缩性(contractivity)
绝对不应期(absolute refractory period) Cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation
有效不应期(effective refractory period) The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero. 6
相对不应期( relative refractory period) Cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation 血压(blood pressure) It is a force exerted by the blood against unit area of the vascular wall. 收缩压（systolic pressure， SP）the maximum of the pressure during systole 舒张压（diastolic pressure,DP ）the minimum pressure during diastole 脉压（pulse pressure）the difference between Ps and Pd
平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）the average pressure throughout each cardiac cycle. Mean arterial pressure = Pd + Pulse pressure / 3
动脉脉搏（arterial pulse）
中心静脉压（central venous pressure, CVP）It is the pressure in right atrium or large vein in thorax. (4~12cmH20) 压力感受性反射（baroreceptor reflex）Any drop in systemic arterial pressure decreases the discharge in the buffer nerves, and there is a compensatory rise in blood pressure and cardiac output. Any rise in blood pressure produce dilation of the arterioles and decreases cardiac output until the blood pressure returns to its previous normal level.
呼吸（respiration）The process that human body exchanges gases with the atmosphere or the process of taking up oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from cells in the body.
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腹式呼吸（abdominal breathing） 胸式呼吸（thoracic breathing）
肺内压（intrapulmonary pressure）is the pressure inside the alveoli
胸膜腔内压(intrapleural pressure) The pressure in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall is pleural pressure (Ppl). A decrease in pleural pressure causes the lungs to expand.
跨肺压（transpulmonary pressure）Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure difference across the lung wall (PA – Ppl). 气胸（pneumothorax）A condition in which air has entered and expanded the normally closed pleural space, driving pleural pressure up toward atmospheric pressure, and resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung.
顺应性(compliance) Lung compliance (CL) is a measure of distensibility. CL is defined by change in volume per change in pressure. CL is the slope of the pressure –volume curve. 表面张力(surface tension) Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid. It is what causes the surface portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface, such as that of another portion of liquid.
表面活性物质(surface active substance, surfactant) Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein rich in phospholipid and is manufactured by type II alveolar epithelium. The surfactant can reduce surface tension and its resultant elastic resistance, stabilize alveoli and prevent water accumulation in the alveoli.
潮气量(tidal volume) The volume of air leaving the lungs during a single breath is called tidal volume
残气量（residual volume）The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration is residual volume
功能残气量(functional residual capacity) The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is functional residual capacity
肺活量(vital capacity) The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. VC = ERV + VT + IRV. 时间肺活量（timed vital capacity）
每分通气量(minute ventilation volume) Alveolar minute ventilation is the volume of fresh air reaches alveoli each minute. Alveolar minute ventilation equals VAXf.
肺泡通气量( alveolar ventilation volume) The alveolar ventilation is defined as the volume of fresh air reaches alveoli each breathing; VA is the difference between minute ventilation (VT) and dead space volume (VD).
无效腔(dead space) Dead space is the portion of each tidal volume that does not take part in gas exchange. 呼吸膜(respiratory membrane)
肺扩散容量(pulmonary diffusion capacity) Diffusion capacity of the lung (DL) is defined as the volume of given gas diffused across the respiratory membrane per minute under a partial pressure gradient of 1 mmHg.
通气/血流比值(ventilation/perfusion ratio) The ratio of alveolar minute ventilation (VA) to minute pulmonary blood flow (Q) is ventilation/perfusion ratio. It is used to indicate matching of air flow and blood flow for gas exchange.
血氧饱和度（oxygen saturation）Oxygen saturation (SO2) is the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen that is calculated from the ratio of oxygen content over capacity.
氧解离曲线（oxygen dissociation curve）Oxygen dissociation curve is the functional relationship between oxygen partial pressure and the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
呼吸神经元（respiratory neuron）A collection of neuron population that help to generate rhythmic respiratory patter and to regulate respiratory movement. Locations: Spinal cord, brain stem, cortex, thalamus etc.
肺牵张反射或Hering-Breuer反射（pulmonary stretch reflex or Hering-Breuer reflex）The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is an increase in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation, and the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of a lung. 中枢化学感受器（central chemoreceptor）
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外周化学感受器（peripheral chemoreceptor）。Peripheral chemoreceptor is located in carotid body, aortic body, and some other areas outside the brain, which are important for detecting changes in O2, CO2 and H＋ concentration in blood. 消化（digestion）The digestion includes both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
吸收（absorption）The process that the digested foods, water, electrolytes, and vitamins are transported across the gastrointestinal tract mucosa into blood and lymph
慢波电位（slow wave potential）或基本电节律（basic electrical rhythm）Usually, the smooth muscle of alimentary tract depolarizes and repolarizes spontaneously and slowly in a cyclic fashion; this electric activity is called slow wave or basic electrical rhythm (BER)
胃肠激素（gastrointestinal hormone）The various hormones secreted by the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa are collectively called as the gastrointestinal hormone.
脑-肠肽（brain-gut peptide）Many peptides called the gastrointestinal hormones are also the transmitter of neurons in central nervous system; these double distributing peptides are collectively called the brain-gut peptide.
蠕动（peristalsis）Peristalsis is wave-like propulsive movement carried out by a cooperating movement of the longitudinal muscle and circular muscle in the alimentary tract.
粘液-碳酸氢盐屏障（mucus-bicarbonate barrier）The layer of insoluble mucus and bicarbonate constructs a barrier protecting the stomach mucosa from injury by the gastric juice and food, which is called mucus-bicarbonate barrier.
肠胃反射（entero-gastric reflex）HCl, fat, high osmotic pressure, and the distention of the chyme stimulate a variety of receptors in the duodenum and thus reflexly inhibits gastric motility and gastric emptying, which is called enterogastric reflex. 容受性舒张（receptive relaxation）During chewing and swallowing food, the stimulation of food to the receptors in pharynx and esophagus causes reflexly the smooth muscle the fundus and body of stomach to relax, which is called the receptive relaxation.
胃排空（gastric emptying）The process by which the chyme is expelled from the stomach into the duodenum is called gastric emptying.
胆盐的肠肝循环（enterohepatic circulation of bile salts）About 90 to 94 per cent of bile salts emptied into duodenum are reabsorbed by the terminal ileum, are then returned by portal vein to liver, where they are removed from blood and re-secreted into bile; this process is called entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts.
分节运动（segmentation contraction）When a portion of the small intestine becomes distended with chyme, the stretch of the intestinal wall elicits a rhythmical contraction and relaxation of localized circular muscles spaced at intervals along the intestine, which is called segmentation movement.
集团蠕动（mass peristalsis）Mass movement is a colonic peristalsis propelling rapidly long distance. It mainly take over the propulsive role.
食物的热价（themal equivalent of food） 食物的氧热价（thermal equivalent of oxygen）
呼吸商（respiratory quotient）the ratio of Vco2 produced to Vo2 used
基础代谢率(basal metabolism rate, BMR) The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determinedunder basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room, a comfortable temperature (200C~250C) and 12~14 hours after the last meal as well. 体温(body temperature)
蛋白质的特殊动力效应（specific dynamic action of protein）After a meal is ingested, the metabolic rate increases as a result of the different chemical reactions associated with digestion, absorption, and storage of food in the body. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic effect of food. 设定点（set-point）
肾单位（ nephron）Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron has two major components: renal corpuscle and renal tube.
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肾小球滤过率 （glomerular filtration rate, GFR）Amount of filtrate produced in kidneys per minute (125mL/min, 180L/d) 滤过分数（fildtration fraction）the ration of GFR and renal plasma flow per minute.Value:19%
有效滤过压（effective filtration pressure）Net pressure difference between glomerular capillary bed and Bowman’s space, which drives substances in plasma move from glomerular capillary bed into Bowman’s space. NFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary–plasma colloid osmotic pressure– hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space
水利尿（water diuresis）The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion.
渗透性利尿（osmotic diuresis）Diuresis induced by large amounts of a poorly reabsorbed solute such as glucose, mannitol, or urea.
重吸收( reabsorption) the process by which useful substances are transported from the renal tubules into blood stream. 管-球反馈（tubuloglomerular feedback）
滤过压平衡平衡状态（filtration pressure equilibrium）when net filtration pressure is 0 mmHg, glomerular filtration stops. 清除率（clearance）If a substance is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted, then the amount present in urine is its plasma clearance (= cleared plasma /min)
球-管平衡（ glomerulotubular balance）The constant fraction (about 65% - 70%) of the filtered Na+ and H2O are reabsorbed in the proximal tubular, despite variation of GFR.
肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system） 神经元（neuron）
神经冲动（nerve impulse）The action potentials that transmit along a nerve is called nerve impulses
轴浆运输（axoplasmic transport）The process of various organelles and materials are moved from the cell body to the axon and its terminals.
突触后电位（postsynaptic potential）
兴奋性突触后电位（EPSP）The excitatory neurontransmitters (glutamate) produce a depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
抑制性突触后电位（IPSP）Inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine and GABA) produces a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
突触后抑制（postsynaptic inhibition）the effect of inhibitory synapses on the postsynaptic membrane. types: Afferent collateral inhibition (reciprocal inhibition); 突触前抑制（presynaptic inhibition）A process that the inhibition occurs at the presynaptic terminals before the signal ever reaches the synapse.
突触前易化(presynaptic facilitation)This is produced when the AP is prolonged and Ca2+ channels are open for a longer period. (serotonin in the sea snail Aplysia, released at an axo-axonal ending, resulting phosphorylation of one group of K+ channels closes the channels, slowing repolarization and prolonging the AP.
突触延搁(synaptic delay) When an impulse reaches the presynaptic terminals, there is an interval of at least 0.5 ms, before a response is obtained in the postsynaptic neuron. 电突触传递（electric synaptic transmission）
神经递质（neurotransmitter）Role in eliciting EPSPs or IPSPs on the postsynaptic membrane and thus promote or suppress
胆碱能纤维（cholinergic fiber） 肾上腺素能纤维（adrenergic fiber）
特异性投射系统（specific projection system）
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非特异性投射系统（non- specific projection system） 皮层诱发电位（evoked cortical potential）
牵涉痛（referred pain）The pain usually is initiated in one of the visceral organs and referred to an area on the body surface, 肌紧张（muscle tonus） 腱反射（tendon reflex）
脊休克（spinal shock）a reaction—when the spinal cord is suddenly transected in the upper neck, essentially all cord functions, immediately become depressed to the point of total silence.
牵张反射（stretch reflex）Whenever a muscle is stretched suddenly, excitation of the spindles causes reflex contraction of the same M. from which the signal originated and also of closely allied synergistic M..
去大脑僵直（decerebrate rigidity）When the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, but leaving the pontine, medullary reticular system and the vestibular system intact, the animal develops a rigidity condition in the antigravity M
条件反射（conditioned reflex） 非条件反射（unconditioned reflex） 第一信号系统（first signal system） 第二信号系统（second signal system）
脑电图（electroencephalograme,EEG）The EEG be recorded with scalp electrodes through the unopened skull or with electrodes on or in the brain. α波阻断（α－block） 慢波睡眠（slow wave sleep）
激素（hormone ）A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific endocrine cell . It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations and elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body. 远距分泌（telecrine）
旁分泌（paracrine）Summation 自分泌（autocrine） 神经激素（neurohormone） 神经分泌（neurocrine） 允许作用（permissive action） 亲和力（affinity） 上调（up regulation） 下调（down regulation）
下丘脑调节肽（hypothalamic regulatory peptide）
侏儒症（dwarfism）A deficiency of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism.
肢端肥大症（acromegaly）A condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in the adult, characterized by thickening of bones and enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues.
呆小症（cretinism）Cretinism is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, and childhood. This condition is characterized especially by failure of growth and by mental retardation.
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应激（stress）
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